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EHPEHPDPF çpPOLsPFËP: pPOLbPLlPA û``uHPSPFAKP oPF HPËPA¡P

aArP ePkPPE`WvPF pPOLbPLlPA û``uHPSPFAKP pPOLArP hPF'lPAmPF aAmPFrPAP| ugPOAWvPFA HPCPFrPWvPFAbPL HPAÊPFAE`lPbPLAnPLA a``unPL``ukPPvhPF aAmPFrPA HPjPLAbPL nPLA rPAKP``utPO pPOLArP``ulPoPF eý E`dPLnPLE`WvPF E`kPPÙUO aApPOLAdPLmPFéPFkPP HPAÊPFAE`lPbPLAnPLArP E`dPLnPLP| tPOA DFUE`tPO-SPFAE`wxPF HPA SFU``uÀoPLÝA E`dPL``u`bPLvhPF uhPFAkPP aTPHPA rPE`HP VPFAkFUO``u`rPrP 'eP``usPFA uhPF û``uHPSPFAKP ugPO``u`bPLvhPF uhPFAkPPP| aTPcPF ePvhPF nPLHPHP``uXPYrP E`dPLnPL kPPAwvPO``ukPP yPE`dPL çpPOLSLÔP kPPrPA hPFbPL, aAjPL tPOAE`rPKP kPPtPO? wvPOÀoP`LrP E`mPFlP``uHP, usPF E`kPP! aAjPL utPOA pPOLbPLlPA û``uHPSPFAKPP| aArP sPFAlPWvPFA HPlUnPL utPOA? tPOKPnPLvhPF wvPOÀoP`L``u`rP E`ªPDPFA-- eý utPOA 14-SPF, 15-SPF HPA 16-SPF E`kPPCUF ePkPPWvPFA hPF``uHPP| atPO E`kPP aArP mPF``unPL TPA``ukPP? HPAMlPA sPFnPL E`nPL``u`bPL yPKPnPL ePvhPF aHPëPOA tPOKPnPL ePvhPF HPËPA¡P sFÖE`êPLrP vhPFE`tPOhPFAsPFWvPFA ujPL``unPL E`nPL``ulP ukPPmPFnPL hPFbPL?

HPËP``udPLSPF HPA HPAMlPA HPhUF çpPOLAcPFQnPLP| HPAMlPA BPOAXPAoPF kPP``u`bPLkPP SPFtPOA¡PQrP FpOLU``u`rPAnPLP| E`kPPÙUO pPOLbPLlPA û``uHPSPFAKP``ukPP HPAMlPA nPLHPHPXPY E`hPF``usPF``uHP pPOLAlP``unPLrP DPFArPA tPOtPOE`dPL``unPLrP nPLbPLP| ePHPArP 1418 uSPFXP hPF'lPP| E`kPPÙUO ePvhPF sPFA``ulPrP gPONPnPLA E`kPP atPOkPPAlP aA``ugPO uTP``ukPP cPFlP``uCPF? HPhUF gPO``uHPXPNPA hPF``u`bPL``uCPF ePHPM ePKPnPLoPF cPFlP``uCPF eP E`nPL``u`bPLP| tPO``uHP ukPPAnPL gPO``uHPXPkPPvhPF yP``uTPêPL tPOTPz çpPOLmPFANP sPFhPF ePrP sFZcPFnPLAkPPAlP HPlP``utPO pPOLA``u`rPnPL E`nPL ePKPnPLoPF pPOLyPYÙPOP| tPO``uHP E`HPE`BPOnÔP gPO``uHPXP``ukPPrP mPFtPO uTP``ukPP ePWvPFA ãPOpPOLêPL hPF``u`bPL``uCPF uyP HPAMlPA sPF``unPLrP gPONPnPLA SFUrPq hPF``u`bPL``uCPF a``unPLkPP pPOL``u`rPP| E`kPPÙUO gPONPnPLArP SFUrPq E`VPFkPP ukPPAnPL sPF``unPL usPFvhPF sPFMSPFbPL dLZrP hPFbPL E`nPLP| kPPArPoPF kPPArPoPF mPF``utPO sPFâPLmPF SPFtPOA¡PQrP jULE`lPbPLAnPL kPPzA``ulPLÕPLArP mPF``utPO usPFAmPFHPArP 12-vhPF ePEçpPOLlP HPA uçLgPFgPOE`rPbPLAnPL kPPzA``ulPLÕPLArP 14-vhPF ePEçpPOLlP 594 sPF``unPL ugPO´``uwxPFrP rPAjPLA SPFSPFAÌPOvhPF (593-630 LçLKPQêPLA¡P) HPAMlPA sPF``unPLrP HPA HPËPA``u¡PrP jULE`lPbPLAnPL| anPLz ePkPP dPLlP gPO``uHPXP``ukPPrP mPF``utPO, ePvhPF kFÖOE`tPOñPL sFUlPtPOAnPL SPFhPF² aTPHPA BPOArPtPO sPF`çLmLPAWvPF aAkPPHP``u`rPrP (1556-1605 LçLKPQêPLA¡P)P| tPO``uHP aAkPPHP``u`rPrP pPOL``u¾PPvhPF mPFtPO udPLnPL HPhUF gPO``uHPXPkPPvhPFP| tPOAÿrPA E`nPLE`åcPFtPO uyP tPOAÿrP sPFmPFbPL uTP``ukPPvhPF HPAMlPA sPFnPL gPONPnPLA SFUrPq hPFbPLP| ePWvPFA``ukPP sPF`çLmLPA``uWvPFrP uKPbPLAlP HPA mPFrPE`jPL E`hPF``usPF``uHP BPOAHPA hPFbPL nPLAP| HPrPM ePrP mPF``uDPFz tPOAÿrP E`HP¸PPAnPLmPFnPLãFFkPPtPOA, sPFMãFFkPPArPmFUKPQ mPFnPL oPF çpPOLjPLAdPLrP``udPLrPvhPF pPOLE`rPcPFbPL umPF``ulPP| unPLA``uHPlPjPLbPLQ aTPYnPLQE`tPOE`HPdPL amPFtPOYz usPF``unPLrP mPF``utPOA HPzEÀoPLÝñPLoPF ePvhPF mPFtPOvhPF sPFmPFTPYnPL kPPrPAbPL E`HPXPbPLE`WvPF anPLz gOUrPqñPL upPOL``u`bPL``uCPFP| 1998 sPFA``ulP E`dPL`ÂlPQ``utPO ePkPP BPOAXP``uNP E`HPgPOtPO SPFtPOA¡PQrP mFZlPzAbPLNP çpPOLsPF``uËP E`tPOE`nPL aAkPPHPrP``ukPPvhPF HPAMlPA sPF``unPLrP çpPOLHPtPOYkPP HP``ulP umPF``unPL unPLnPLP| sPF`çLmLPAWvPF aAkPPHP``u`rPrP rPAjPLzAE`BPO``uXP``ukPPrP HPCPFrP uTP``ukPPvhPF HPAMlPA sPFnPL gPONPnPLA SFUrPq hPFbPLP| aAHUlP fPOjPL``ulPrP aAvhPFnPL-vhPF- aAkPPHPrPQ çLgPF``uÚPF vhPFlPAhPFQ a¡P sPFÈOLpPOL``ukPPY ulPKPA aA``uCPF uyP aAkPPHPrP HPhUF E`dPLnPL DPF``u`rP E`hPFÓOdLUëPOA``unPLrP E`HPE`BPOnÔP aÏPO``ulP E`dPLnPL gPONPnPLArP sPFmPFsPFzA``ukPP sPFhPFjPL kPPrPArP wvPO``uöP``uSPFz nPLtUOnPL HPCPFrP oPF mPFA``usPFrP çpPOLHPtPOYnPL kPPrP``utPO cPFAnPLP| E`tPOE`nPL E`hPFjPLrPQ a¡P HPzHPhPFA``u`rPrP E`HP``u`rPADPFQP| aAkPPHP``u`rPrP pPOLrPAmPFSPFYdPLAtPOA oPF tPOAÿrP dPLrPHPA``u`rPrP sPFHP``ucPF``u`bPL HPwxPF ujPLzAE`tPOXPSPFAãFíPL E`HPSPFArPdPL aAE`mPFrP fPO``utPOwvPO`ÂlPA E`sPFrPAE`jPLrP ucPFêPLAbPL ePvhPF nPLtUOnPL a¡P HPA sPF``unPLrP çpPOLHPtPOYnPL hPFbPLP|

mFUGPLlP aAmPF``ulP E`hPFjPLrPQ a¡P anFUsPFA``u`rP rPAjPL dPLrPHPA``u`rP kPPAjPLkPPmPFY hPF'tPOP| E`kPPÙUO E`hPFjPLrPQ a``u¡PrP E`dPLnPL¾PPNP, mPFAsPF vhPFtPOzAE`dPL cPFAÿ``udPLrP HPA cPFÓLçLdPLkPPlPArP æhPAsPF HÖE`ªPìrP E`BPOEÀoP`L``utPO gPONPnPLA kPPrPA hPF'tPOP| tPOArP fPO``ulP sFZ``uyPYrP gPOE`tPOrP E`BPOEÀoP`L``utPO HPA usPF´rP pPOLªPìE`tPO``utPO gPONPnPLArP sPF``uËP çpPOLE`tPO HPCPFrP a``unPLkPPWvPFA fPOArPAkPP uTP``ukPP uyPtPOP| ePkPPE`WvPF cPFAÓLçLdPL sPFAlP ePkPP HPCPFrP aÙPOrP 10 uTP``ukPP 11 E`dPL``unPL EpPOLE`CPF``u`bPL yPAbPLP| tPOArP fPO``ulP çpPOLE`tPO 32 uTP``ukPP 35 HPCPF``u`rP ePkPPE`WvPF kPP'``u`rP HPCPFrP HPAwxPFE`tPO hPF``u`bPL yPAbPLP| E`hPFjPLrPQ sPFA``ulPrP ePvhPF dLUHPYlPtPOArP jPLnPLz rPAjPLãO÷P HPA KPAjPLnPLA aAdPLAbPL sPFhPF E`HPE`BPOnÔP kPPA``ujPL sPFmPFsPFzA hPF'tPOP| mFZlPtPO ePvhPF kPPArP``uNPvhPF aAkPPHP``u`rPrP ePkPP sPFmPFbPL anPLAëPOA jPLÓOLÉPAbPL ePvhPF E`hPFjPLrPQ a¡P anFUyPAbPLQ rPAjPLkPPAyPY pPOLE`rPcPFAlPnPLAbPLP| tPOAÿrP rPAjPLñPL kPPA``ulP E`hPFjPLrPQ sPFAlP sPFhPF`çLsLPLA``u¡PrP udPLArP``ugPOAwxPFAbPL upPOL´ÿ``uCPF EgPO``u`bPLE`CPFlPP| ePkPPvhPF sPF``uËP FpOLÖETPHPQrP anPLz sPFAlPgOUE`lPrPoPF sPFMãFFkPPA``u`rPrP KPHPrP aAkPPHP``u`rPrP nPLjPL``u`rP aA``usPFP| usPFvhPF mPF``utPOA cPFAÓLçLdPL sPFAlP uTP``ukPP usPF´rP sPFAlP anFUyPAbPLQ gPONPnPLArP E`sPFªPìAÙPO unPLnPL E`tPOE`nPL, aArP tPOA uTP``ukPPvhPF HPËPA``u¡PrP SFUrPqP| yPE`dPLoPF HPËPA¡P SPF¡PE`WvPFrP HPzHPhPFArP a``unPLkPP pPOL``u`rP hPFbPLP| tPOKPnPL 'sPFnPL' HPlPA hPF'tPOP| BPOArPtPOHPXPY kFÖOE`XPçpPOLDPFAnPL udPLSPFP| kFÖOXP``ukPPrP fPOsPFlP GPL``u`rP oPFVPFArP wvPOpPOL``u`rPvhPF sPFrPkPPA``u`rPrP rPAjPLãO÷P, KPAjPLnPLArP aAdPLAbPL E`nPLBPOYrP kPPrPtPOP| E`kPPÙUO E`hPFjPLrPQ a¡P cPF``uÓLçLdPLrP gPOE`tPO çpPOLkFÖOE`tPOrP wvPOpPOLrP E`nPLBPOYrPSPFQlP HP``ulP sPFHP sPFmPFbPL kFÖOE`XPkPPA``uyPYrP sPF``uËP E`dPLnPL ¾PPNP E`mPFlP'tPO nPLAP| fPO``ulP uyP mPFrPSFU``umPF usPF BPOA``uHP fPOsPFlPvhPF fPOlP'tPO nPLA tPOKPnPLoPF KPAjPLnPLA HPA kPPrP udPLoPFbPLArP jPLnPLz çpPOLjPLA``udPLrP HPADPFz kPPrPA hPF'tPOP| usPFvhPF aHPëPOA uTP``ukPPvhPF mFZlPtPO kFÖOXPkPP``udPLrP rP¾PPA kPPrPArP aE`BPOçpPOLAbPL E`nPL``u`bPLvhPF sFÖE`êPL hPFbPL HPËPA¡PP| tPOAvhPF fPOsPFlP oPFVPFArP sPFmPFbPLE`WvPF``ukPPvhPF HPCPF``u`rPrP sFZcPFnPLA kPPAlP E`ëPOrP kPPrPA hPFbPLP| ePvhPF jPLnPLz nPLtUOnPL a¡P``ukPP 'fPOsPFlPQ sPFnPL' nPLA``umPFvhPF ulPA``ukPP uHPSPFQ E`cPFnPLtPOP|

ePHPArP aAE`sPF ePEçpPOLlP mPFA``usPF HPAMlPA HPCPFrP SFUrPqrP vhPFE`tPOhPFA``usPFP| 1556 LçLKPQêPLA``u¡P aAkPPHP``u`rPrP rPAjPLzAE`BPO``uXPkPP hPFbPLP| a``unPLkPP gPO``uHPXP``ukPPrP mPF``utPO, 14-vhPF ePEçpPOLlP, sPF`çLmLPAWvPF aAkPPHP``u`rPrP rPAjPLzAE`BPO``uXP``ukPPrP E`dPLnPLE`WvPF``ukPP ãPFÉPrPNPQbPL kPP'``u`rP rPAKP``utPOvhPF eý E`dPLnPLE`WvPF``ukPP nPLtUOnPL sPF``unPLrP çpPOLTPmPF E`dPLnPL DPFAyPY kPPrPA hPFbPLP| sPFnPLE`WvPF SFUDFU HPAMlPArP jPLnPLzvhPF nPLbPL, cPFAlU hPF``u`bPLE`CPFlP ugPOAWvPFA BPOrPtPOBZOE`mPFrP jPLnPLzvhPFP| pPOLrPHPtPOYQ kPPA``ulP HPAMlPA HPA``udPL HPAE`kPP aM``uSPF ePvhPF sPF``unPLrP jPLnPLEçpPOLbPLtPOA hPFAE`rP``u`bPL yPAbPLP| yPArP fPO``ulP aAkPPHPrP çpPOLHPE`tPOYtPO nPLtUOnPL a¡P HPAMlPA sPFnPL HPA HPËPA¡P E`hPF``usPF``uHPvhPF gPONPz hPF'``utPO TPA``ukPPP|

aTPYAð HPAMlPA sPFnPL gPONPnPLA cPFlP``uCPF mPFAÀeOL`vhPF sPFA``uwxPF cPFArP``uSPFA HPA E`VPFkPP HPlP``utPO ugPO``ulP 456 HPCPFrP DPF``u`rP 1556 LçLKPQêPLA¡P uTP``ukPP E`hPF``usPFHP DPF``u`rPP| tPOA hPF'``ulP çpPOLSLÔP aAmPFrPA kPPrP``utPOvhPF pPOLAE`rP ePHPArP tPOA hPF'``ulP 1418 sPFnPL upPOLrP``ulPA kPPQ kPP``u`rP? gPO``uHPXPkPPrPA jPLAnPLA``u©CPFnPL 1556 sPFA``ulP nPLtUOnPL usPF´rP sPF``unPLrP SFUrPq hPF'``ulPoPF tPOArP E`BPOEÀoP`LHPXPY 963-64 HPCPFrP EpPOLE`CPF``u`bPL udPLoPFbPLA hPFbPLP| usPFvhPF sPFmPF``u`bPL aTPYAð 1556 LçLKPQêPLA``u¡PrP sPF``uËP tPOðkPPAlPQnPL E`hPFjPLrPQ a``u¡PrP tPOfPOA``utPOrP (593-594 HPCPFrP) E`BPOEÀoP`L``utPOvhPF eý gPONPnPLA kPPrPA hPF``u`bPLE`CPFlPP| lP¾PPz kPPrP``ulP uHPAJPFA yPA``uHP LçLKPQêPLA``u¡PrP sPF``uËP HPËPA``u¡PrP tPOfPOAð 593-594 HPCPFrPP|

ukPPAnPL ukPPAnPL gPO``uHPXPkPP HP``ulPnPL sPF`çLmLPAWvPF aAkPPHP``u`rPrP rPAjPLzAE`BPO``uXP``ukPPrP E`dPLnPLE`WvPF E`CPFlP 14-vhPF ufPO`çFHPqbPLArPQ, 14-vhPF ePEçpPOLlP nPLbPLP| tPOA hPF'``ulP rPAjPLzAE`BPO``uXP``ukPPrP E`dPL``unPLrP ãPFÉPrP``uNPrP yUEÀoPLÝ KPA``uWvPF nPLAP| tPOAÿ``udPLrP mPF``utPO, usPFvhPF aAmPF``ulP HPËP``udPL``uSPF usPF´rP SPFkPPA``u¡PrP çpPOLcPFlPnPL HPzApPOLkPPtPOA lPABPO kPP``u`rPE`CPFlPP| tPOArP fPO``ulP aAkPPHP``u`rPrP çpPOLHPE`tPOYtPO nPLtUOnPL sPF``unPLrP HPCPFrP-pPOLbPLlPA E`dPLnPLE`WvPF eý SPFkPPA``u¡PrP ªPArPA çpPOLBPOAE`HPtPO hPF'``u`bPL pPOL``uwxPFP| SPFkPPA¡P aArPÆPF hPFbPL sFZyPY umPFXP rPAESPF``utPO yPKPnPL aHPëPOAnPL kPP``u`rP, aTPYAð umPFXP sPFMÀePÝAE`ÙPOrP pPOLrPP| sPFmPFbPLWvPFA ePEçpPOL``ulPrP mPFAJPFAmPFAE`JPF HPA HPtPOYmPFAnPL HPËPA``u¡PrP û``uHPSPFA``uKPrP ugPOAwxPFArP E`dPLkPPP| usPFvhPF uTP``ukPPvhPF nPLAE`kPP û``uHPSPFA``uKPrP çpPOLTPmPF E`dPLnPLE`WvPF``ukPP nPLHPHPXPY E`hPF``usPF``uHP DPFrPA hPFbPLP| ePvhPF çpPOLsPF``uËP HPlPA yPAbPL, 1-lPA û``uHPSPFAKP mPFAnPLz hPFoPFbPLArP a``unPLkPP aA``ugPO HPAMlPAbPL HPðsPFrP-pPOLbPLlPA E`HPE`BPOnÔP sPFmPF``u`bPL oPF E`HPE`BPOnÔP jPLbPLgPOAbPL E`HPE`BPOnÔP rPkPPmPF E`CPFlPP| ePkPPWvPFA sPFmPFbPL açLgPFhPFAbPLNPvhPF HPA açLGPFANP mPFAsPF`ukPPvhPF mPFAgPOYSPFQXPY HPA çpPOLTPmPF mPFAsPF HPlPA hPF'tPOP| eý mPFA``usPFvhPF anFUE`îPOtPO hPF'tPO çLgPFAmPF HPAMlPArP sPFHP cPFAvhPF``utPO aAnPL``uÓOdPrP wvPOðsPFHP nPLHPAnÔPP|

oPFpPOLArP HPAMlPAbPL ePvhPF pPOLbPLlPA û``uHPSPFAKP HPA nPLHPHPXPY wvPOðsPFHPE`WvPF pPOLAE`lPtPO hPF'bPL HPAMlPA udPL``uSPFrP jPLAtPOQbPL wvPOðsPFHP E`hPF``usPF``uHP , yPArP sFZcPFnPLA hPF``u`bPLE`CPF``ulPA 1965 sPFA``ulPP| WPOLAkPPArP rPmPFnPLArP mPFbPLdPLA``unPL aAjPLoPF pPOLAE`lPtPO hPF'bPL ePkPPvhPF aA``uHP``ugPO , ePkPPvhPF aAÙPOE`rPkPPtPOArP sPF``uËPP| CPFAbPLAnPLWvPF sPFMëPOArP wvPO``udPLzA``ugPO SFUrPq hPF'``u`bPLE`CPF``ulPA ePvhPF wvPOðsPFHP FpOLZHPY pPOLAE`kPPéPFA``unPLrP (tPOdPLAnPLQÙPOnPL) sPFArPkPPA``u`rPrP aE`HPcPFA``u`rPrP E`HPrPq``uªPì. usPFvhPF sPFrPkPPArP tPOKPnPL HPAMlPA BPOAXPA cPFcPFYA``ukPP apPOLrPADPF HP``ulP gPONPz kPPrP``utPOAP|

1lPA û``uHPSPFAKP``ukPP BPOgPOHPAnPL `çLSPFQ E`HPXUÎrP jPLÓOLÉPE`dPLnPL HP``ulP DPFrPA hPFbPLP|

mPFE`nPLkPPA mFUKPAjPLYQ

(sFZÀeOL`: çpPOLHPÓ÷Pì-- HPËPA¡P oPF pPOLEÑPkPPA: hPFArPADPFnPL ucPF´DFUrPQ)

(aApPOLnPLArP mPFÙPOHPz jPLAnPLA``unPLArP jPL``unPLz EÂFkPPkPP kPPrPqnPL)