EhPFÓOdLU aAvhPFinPL BPOrPNPipPOLAXPNP sPFMÀePÝAÙPO EkPPCUF tPOTPz

BPOArPtPOHP``uXPY E`hPFÓOdLU``udPLrP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP sPFMÀePÝAÙPO aAvhPF``unPLrP uHPESPFrP BPOAgPOvhPF E`hPFÓOdLU dPLÀoP`LkPP oPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP aAvhPFnPL, 1956-rP aAoPFtPOAbPL pPOL``uwxPF| ePCPFAwxPFA BPOrPNP``upPOLAXP``uNPrP u¾PP``uÀeOL` E`hPFÓOdLU E`HPHPAhPF aAvhPF``unPLrP 24 ePHPM 25 DPFArPA ePHPM ufPO´jPLdPLAE`rP kPPAyPYE`HPEDPF aAvhPF``unPLrP 125-128 DPFArPArPoPF çpPOL``u`bPLAgPO aA``uCPF|

E`hPFÓOdLU dPLÀoP`LkPP oPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP aAvhPF``unPL E`HPXPdP LBPOA``uHP HPlPA rP``uyP``uCPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP E`jPLE`nPLsPFWvPFA E`kPP, ukPP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP upPOL``utPO pPOLA``u`rP, ukPP tPOA udPL``uHP, vhPFtPOzAE`dPL| ePvhPF aAvhPF``unPLrP sPFM¸PPA anFUsPFA``u`rP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP hPFlP KPAoPFbPLA, jPLAmPFAkPPApPOLwxPF, TPAkPPArP jPLAbPLgPOA, ulPKPApPOLwxPFA oPF ãO÷PAëPOz sPFMÀePÝAÙPO KPrPcPF ePHPM aE`HPHPAE`hPFtPO umPF``u`bPLrP E`HP``u`bPLrP jPLnPLz çpPOL``u`bPLAjPLnPLQbPL KPrPcPF|

kPPArP ePvhPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP pPOLAHPArP aEDPFkPPArP aA``uCPF? E`hPFÓOdLU dPLÀoP`LkPP oPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXP``uNPrP 18 nPLÈ÷PrP DPFArPAbPL HPlPA aA``uCPF uyP, ePkPPjPLnPL E`hPFÓOdLU ãFíPLQ sPFArPA jPLQHPnPL ãO÷PAmPFQrP kPPACPF uTP``ukPP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP pPOLA``uHPL| ePmPFnPL E`kPP aAlPAdPLA TPAkPP``ulPoPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP pPOLA``uHP, yPE`dPL: (kPP) ãO÷PAmPFQ tPOAikPP E`HPnPLA kPPArP``uNP pPOLE`rPtPOzAgPO kPP``u`rP TPA``ukPP HPA tPOAikPP aHP``uhPFlPA kPP``u`rP TPA``ukPP; (KP) aAlPAdPLA TPAkPPArP kPPArPNP yPE`dPL ãO÷PAmPFQrP E`nPLîUOrPtPOA hPFbPL; (gPO) ãO÷PAmPFQ yPE`dPL kFUOîPO``u`rPAgPOQ hPFbPLL; (GPL) yPE`dPL ãO÷PAmPFQrP aA``u`rPkPP ePkPPE`WvPF ãFíPLQ jPLQE`HPtPO TPA``ukPP; (ÊPF) yPE`dPL HPAE`wxPF``utPO ãO÷PAmPFQ ukPPAnPLoPF rPE`¾PPtPOA rPA``uKP; (cPF) yPE`dPL ãO÷PAmPFQ DPFmPFY pPOLE`rPtPOzAgPO kPP``u`rP E`kPPMHPA anPLz ukPPA``unPLA E`HP``uSPFXP kPPArPNP TPA``ukPP|

E`kPPÙUO yPE`dPL çpPOLmPFAE`NPtPO hPFbPL uyP ãFíPLQ asPFtPOQ HPA DPFmPFYAÙPOrP çLgPFhPFNP kPP``u`rP``uCPF, tPOAhPF``ulP ãO÷PAmPFQrP kPPACPF uTP``ukPP aAlPAdPLA TPAkPPArP jPLAbPLgPOA HPA uKPArP``upPOLAXP pPOLA``uHPL nPLA|

ãO÷PAmPFQ nPLA TPAkPP``ulP, E`hPFÓOdLU nPLArPQ tPOArP SL÷PSFU``u`rPrP kPPACPF uTP``ukPP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP pPOLA``uHP yPE`dPL SL÷PSFU``u`rPrP tPOA udPLHPArP ¾PPmPFtPOA TPA``ukPP| tPO``uHP SL÷PSFU``u`rPrP kPPACPF uTP``ukPP tPOKPnPLvhPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP pPOLAoPFbPLA yPA``uHP yPE`dPL tPOArP E`nPL``ujPLrP u`rPAjPLgPOArP aTPHPA ãO÷PAmPFQrP E`HPXPbPLAE`dPL uTP``ukPP, E`nPL``ujPLrP mPFA-HPAHPArP E`HPXPbPL uTP``ukPP HPA E`nPL``ujPLrP uCPF``ulP``umPF``u`bPL``udPLrP kPPACPF uTP``ukPP yPA pPOLAoPFbPLA yPAbPL - tPOA E`dPL``u`bPL BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP nPLA kFUO``ulPAbPL|

sPFÙPOAnPL oPF HÖªPì HPAHPA-mPFAoPF BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP pPOLAHPArP aEDPFkPPArPQ| ePkPPjPLnPL E`hPFÓOdLU FpOLUrPqXP HPA nPLArPQ tPOArP û``uHPDPF aTPHPA aû``uHPDPF sPFÙPOAnPL ePHPM HÖªPì mPFA-HPAHPArP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP E`dPL``utPO HPADPFz TPAkPP``uHP|

E`hPFÓOdLU E`HPHPAhPF aAvhPF``unPLrP 24 DPFArPAbPL rP``u`bPL``uCPF uyP, ePvhPF aAvhPF``unPLrP ukPPA``unPLA E`HPXPbPL E`nPL``u`bPL aAdPLAlP``utPO mPFAmPFlPA rPqjUL hPF``ulP ãO÷PAmPFQ HPA ãFíPLQ mPFAmPFlPArP KPrPcPF HPA E`nPL``ujPLrP KPrPcPF cPFAlPAHPArP yP``uTPêPL sPFËPE`tPO unPLvhPF HP``ulP aAdPLAlP``utPOrP kPPA``uCPF aA``uHPdPLnPL jPLAnPLA``ulP - HPAdPLQ ePHPM E`HPHPAdPLQrP aA``u`bPLrP kPPTPA E`HP``uHPcPFnPLA kPP``u`rP aAdPLAlPtPO mPFAmPFlPA cPFlPAkPPAlPQnPL BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP ePHPM mPFAmPFlPArP KPrPcPF HPAHPdPL ePkPPWvPFA aTPY aA``uHPdPLnPLkPPArPQrP jPLnPLz mPFÑUrP kPPrP``uHP|

ePvhPF aAvhPF``unPLrP 25 DPFArPAbPL rP``u`bPL``uCPF mPFAmPFlPArP rPAbPL udPLHPArP sPFmPFbPL aA``uHPdPLnPLkPPArPQrP jPLnPLz ePkPPkPPAlPQnPL aTPY aAdPLAlPtPO tPOArP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP HPAHPdPL mPFÑUrP kPPrP``uHP| ePWvPFA ePkPPkPPAlPQ``unPLrP HPdPL``ulP u¾PP``upPOL u¾PP``upPOL udPLHPArP aA``udPLSPFoPF aAdPLAlPtPO E`dPL``utPO pPOLA``u`rP| ePvhPF aTPY mPFÑUrP kPPrPArP sPFmPFbPL wvPOBPObPLpPOL``u¾PPrP aAETPYkPP aHPëPOA, tPOA``udPLrP aAcPFrPNP oPF anPLzAnPLz E`HPXPbPL E`HP``uHPcPFnPLA kPP``u`rP aAdPLAlPtPO nPLzAbPLsPFËPtPO HPzHPëPOA kPPrP``uHP| yPAikPP ePvhPF aTPY udPLHPArP aA``udPLSPF udPLoPFbPLA hPF``uHP, tPOArP sPFÈOLpPOLEÀoP`LrP wvPOpPOLrP ePvhPF aTPY dPLAbPL E`hPF``usPF``uHP DPF``u`rP aAdPLAbPL kPPrPA hPF``uHP| aHPëPOArP ukPPA``unPLA pPOLE`rPHPtPOYnPL GPLWvPF``ulP ePvhPF rPA``u`bPLrP E`HPrPq``uªPì aA``uHPdPLnPL kPPrPA yPA``uHP ePHPM aAdPLAlPtPO eP HPzApPOLA``u`rP FpOLUnPLE`HPY``uHPcPFnPLA kPPrP``utPO pPOLArP``uHP| aHPëPOArP pPOLE`rPHPtPOYnPL çpPOLsPF``uËP HPlPA uyP``utPO pPOLA``u`rP uyP, BPOrPNP``upPOLAXPNP pPOLAoPFbPLAkPPAlPQnPL yPE`dPL ukPPA``unPLA pPOL¾PP aAHPArP E`HP``u`bPL kPP``u`rP HPA E`HPHPAhPF sPFÈOLpPOL``ukPPYrP HPAvhPF``u`rP anPLz kPPA``u`rPArP sPF``uËP uyP´nPLsPFÈOLpPOLkPPY ëPOApPOLnPL kPP``u`rP, tPO``uHP aA``uHPdPLnPL kPP``u`rP aAdPLAlPtPO uTP``ukPP ePvhPF rPA``u`bPLrP pPOLE`rPHPtPOYnPL HPA ePEWvPFikPP HPAE`tPOlP kPPrP``utPO pPOLArPA sPFÆPFHP|

``ufPO´jPLdPLArPQ kPPAyPYE`HPEDPF aAvhPF``unPLrP 125 DPFArPAbPL ePkPPjPLnPL mPFzAE`jPL``uãOLæWvPFWvPF ukPPA``unPLA FpOLUrPqXP``ukPP E`nPLmÔ`OLE`lPEKPtPO HPzEÀoPLÝ``udPLrP BPOrPNP``upPOLAXP``uNPrP jPLnPLz mPFA``usPF 500 WvPFAkPPA aA``udPLSPF E`dPL``utPO pPOLA``u`rP:
(1) a¾PPmPF HÖªPì HPAHPA-mPFA;
(2) SPFArPQE`rPkPP aTPHPA mPFAnPLE`sPFkPP çpPOLE`tPOHPÓ÷PìQ sPFÙPOAnPL;
(3) û``uHPDPF aTPHPA aû``uHPDPF sPFÙPOAnPL;
(4) ãFíPLQ - yPArP ukPPA``unPLA sPFËPE`tPO unPLvhPF| eP``u¾PP``uÀeOL` ãFíPLQ HPlP``utPO tPOArP E`HPHPAhPFEHPE©CPFnÔPA ãFíPLQ``ukPPoPF uHPAJPFA``uHP - yPtPOE`dPLnPL nPLA pPOLyPYÙPO isPF aAHPArP E`HP``u`bPL nPLA kPPrP``uCPF| pPOLE`åcPFmPFHPËP sPFrPkPPAirPrP aAidPLiSPF ePkPP sPFmPFibPL ePvhPF mPFAEsPFkPP BPOAtPOArP sPFiHPAY©LcPF pPOLErPmPFAnPL ECPFlP 1500 WvPFAkPPA| ePKPnPL ePrP sPF``uHPAY©LcPF sPFQmPFA tUO``ulP udPLoPFbPLA hPF``u`bPL``uCPF|

126 DPFArPA anFUyPAbPLQ ePvhPF BPOAtPOArP jPLnPLz E`nPL``ucPFrP uyP ukPPA``unPLA jPLAbPLgPOAbPL aA``uHPdPLnPL kPPrPA yPA``uHP: (kPP) uyPKPA``unPL aE`BPOyUÀoPLÝ HPzEÀoPLÝ TPA``ukPP; (KP) uyPKPA``unPL ãO÷PAmPFQ aTPHPA ãFíPLQ TPA``ukPP; (gPO) uyPKPA``unPL ãO÷PAmPFQ-ãFíPLQ dLUjPL``unPL ePkPPsPF``uËP uSPFXP uTP``ukPP``uCPF (ãFíPLQ HPlP``utPO aû``uHPDPF sPFÙPOA``unPLrP jPLnPLnPLQ``ukPPoPF uHPAJPFA``uHPP)|

127 DPFArPA anFUsPFA``u`rP 125 DPFArPAbPL uyP pPOLE`rPmPFAnPL BPOAtPOA udPLHPArP aA``udPLSPF udPLoPFbPLA hPF``u`bPLE`CPFlP tPOArP pPOLE`rPHPtPOYnPL kPPrPA yPA``uHP E`HPE`BPOnÔP pPOLE`rPE`ëPOE`tPOrP pPOLE`rP``uçpPOLE`¾PP``utPO| uyPmPFnPL,
(kPP) E`HPHPAhPFE`HPE`©CPFnÔPA ãFíPLQ yPE`dPL aAHPArP kPPAwvPO``ukPP E`HP``u`bPL kPP``u`rP - usPF``u¾PP``uÀeOL` BPOAtPOA udPLHPArP aA``udPLSPF HPAE`tPOlP hPF``uHP|
(KP) E`HPHPAhPFE`HPE`©CPFnÔPA ãFíPLQ yPE`dPL tPOAidPLrP sPFmPFA``ujPLrP çpPOLTPA anFUyPAbPLQ E`HPHPAhPFE`HP``u©CPF``udPL tPOÿArP udPLbPL aTPY upPOL``u`bPL yPAbPL, tPOAhPF``ulP BPOAtPOA udPLHPArP aA``udPLSPF HPAE`tPOlP hPF``u`bPL yPA``uHP|
(gPO) ãFíPLQ E`HPHPAhPFE`HP``u©CPF``udPLrP pPOLrP yPE`dPL uãO÷P©CPFAbPL tPOÿArP dPLAHPQ uCPF``uwxPF idPLbPL|

çpPOLsPFËPtPO ufPO´jPLdPLArPQ DPFArPAgOUE`lP DPFmPFY E`nPLrP``upPOL¾PP aAvhPFnPL, sFUtPOrPAM ePgOUE`lP sPFkPP``ulPrP jPL``unPLzvhPF çpPOL``uyPAjPLz| ePvhPF E`nPL``u`bPL aHPSPFz ePKP``unPLA çpPOLHPlP E`HPtPOkPPY cPFlP``uCPF - yPA SFUrPq hPF``u`bPLE`CPFlP SPFAhPFHPA``unPLA mPFAmPFlPA``ukPP ukPPÓLçLdPL kPP``u`rP| mFUsPFE`lPmPF pPOLA``usPFAYnPLAlP uHPAwPOY dPLAE`HP kPP``u`rP uyP, mFUsPFE`lPmPF umPF``u`bPL``udPLrP u¾PP``uÀeOL` 125 DPFArPA çpPOL``uyPAjPLz hPF``uHP nPLA, kPPArPNP E`HPHPAhPFE`HP``u©CPF``udPLrP pPOLrP mFUsPFE`lPmPF HPzEÀoPLÝgPOtPO HPA çpPOLTPAgPOtPO aAvhPFnPL anFUsPFA``u`rP tPOÿArPA udPLnPL-umPFAhPF``u`rPrP WvPFAkPPAWvPFA upPOL``u`bPL yPAbPL| eP E`HPXP``u`bPL sFUEçpPOLmPF ukPPA``uWvPFYrP rPAbPL E`CPFlP uyP, udPLnPL umPFAhPF``u`rPrP WvPFAkPPA E`HPHPAhPF E`HP``u©CPF``udPLrP pPOLrP çpPOLApPOLz WvPFAkPPA nPLbPL, usPFWvPFA ãFíPLQ yPKPnPL cPFAvhPF``uHPnPL tPOKPnPLvhPF upPOL``utPO pPOLAirP| tPOACPFAwxPFA HPzEÀoPLÝgPOtPO aAvhPFnPL yPArP yPAvhPF uhPFAkPP, 125 DPFArPA sPFHPArP wvPOpPOL``u`rPvhPF çpPOL``uyPAjPLz|

ePrP pPOL``u`rP tUOmFUlP aA``uÓOdPAlP``unPLrP pPOLrP pPOLAsPF hPFbPL mFUsPFE`lPmPF nPLArPQ, (E`HPHPAhPFE`HP``u©CPF``udPLrP pPOLrP aEDPFkPPArP rP¾PPA) aAvhPFnPL, 1986| tPOA``utPO umPFAWvPFAmFUE`WvPF BPOA``uHP mFUsPFE`lPmPF umPF``u`bPL``udPLrP 125 DPFArPArP çpPOLApPOLz sFUfPOlP uTP``ukPP HPEÏPOtPO kPP``u`rP ePvhPF nPLtUOnPL aAvhPF``unPLrP mPF``uDPFz aAnPLA hPFbPL| tPO``uHP ePKP``unPLA ePvhPF E`nPL``u`bPL E`HPtPO``ukPPYrP uSPFXP hPFbPL E`nPL| kPPlPkPPAtPOA hPFAvhPF``ukPPAWvPFY 2001 sPFA``ulP rPAbPL E`dPL``u`bPL``uCPF uyP, mFUsPFE`lPmPF umPF``u`bPL``udPLrP 125 DPFArPAbPL aA``uHPdPL``unPLrP pPOLTP uKPAlPAvhPF rP``u`bPL``uCPF, kPPArPNP 125 DPFArPA ePkPPE`WvPF DPFmPFY E`nPLrP``upPOL¾PP aAvhPFnPL| tPOÿArPA vhPF``u©CPF kPPrP``ulP ePvhPF aAvhPF``unPLrP sFU``uyPAgPO E`nPL``utPO pPOLArP``uHP| 125 DPFArPA uHPSPF kPP``uVPFArP aAvhPFnPL| ePvhPF DPFArPAbPL WvPFAkPPA udPLHPArP aA``udPLSPF udPLoPFbPLA hPF``ulP, usPFvhPF WvPFAkPPA E`nPLDPFYAE`rPtPO sPFmPF``u`bPLrP mPF``uDPFz nPLA E`dPL``ulP, mPFzAE`jPL``uãOLæWvPFWvPF oPFbPLA``u`rP×FWvPF jPLAE`rP kPPrP``utPO pPOLArP``uHP| sPFmPFbPLmPFtPO WvPFAkPPA nPLA E`dPL``ulP ePkPPmPFA``usPFrP HPA yPtPOE`dPLnPL WvPFAkPPA nPLA udPLoPFbPLA hPF``u©CPF tPOtPOE`dPLnPL kPPArPAdPL``uLÕPLrP aA``udPLSPF E`dPL``utPO pPOLArP``uHP|

ædP:
nPLArPQrP aEDPFkPPArP oPF aAvhPFnPL - mPFÑPrPQ gOUâPL, kPPlPkPPAtPOA, 2002

[aAvhPFnPL EHPXPbPLkPP iyP-sPFHP aAilPAcPFnPLA aHPsPFrP-eP rP``u`bPL``uCPF tPOArP wvPOiöPSPFz sPFADPFArPNP BPOAiHP aAvhPFinPLrP HPzApPOLAirP pPOLAVPFkPPidPLrP aHPEhPFtPO kPPrPA| ePvhPF aAilPAcPFnPLA ikPPAnPLoPF BPOAiHPvhPF wvPOEkPPilPrP pPOLrPAmPFiSPFYrP EHPkPPÜP nPLbPL| kPPAirPArP aAvhPFnPL sPFMÀePÝAÙPO ikPPAnPLoPF sPFmPFsPFzA TPAkPPilP, tPOÿArP wvPOEcPFtPO sPFrPAsPFErP ikPPAnPLoPF aAvhPFnPLi¸PPrP pPOLrPAmPFSPFY çLgPFhPFNP kPPrPA|]

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