Paribesh - Hydrogen Energy

hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL SPFEÀoPLÝ-wvPOðsPF - vhPFEtPOhPFAsPFP

EHPKPzAtPO kPPÜP-EHP¸PPAnPL ilPKPkPP jULilP BPOANPY (Jules Verne)-ePrP 1874 sPFAilP ilPKPA The Mysterious Island ainPLikPPrPvhPF pPOLwxPFA aAiCPF| eý iyPKPAinPL aAimPFErPkPPArP pPOLÿAcPF jPLnPL wvPOÀoP`LrPAÏPOlPHPAsPFQ kPPnPLifPOwPOAirPSPFinPLrP kPPArPAgPOArP iTPikPP iHPlUinPL cPFiwxPF pPOLAElPibPL 7000 mPFAvhPFlP dLZirP ePkPP ªPQipPOL inPLimPFECPFilPnPL!
ePkPPEdPLnPL BPOEHPXPzð aAilPAcPFnPLAkPPAilP isPFvhPF dPLilPrP ePkPPjPLnPL- nPLAEHPkPP ipPOLnPLÀePÝfPOWvPF (Penchroft) tPOArP sPFATPQ kFÖOðikPP´SPFlPQ EsPFrPAsPF hPFAEwPOYM (Cyrus Harding)-ikPP EjPL¸PPAsPFA kPPirPECPFilPnPL- kPPbPLlPA fUOLErPibPL igPOilP aAimPFErPkPPArP BPOEHPXPzð EkPP| hPFAEwPOYM HPilPECPFilPnPL,'jPLlP '| HPzAKPzA kPPirPECPFilPnPL:

Water decomposed into its primitive elements and decomposed doubtless, by electricity, which will then have become a powerful and manageable force… Yes, my friends, I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitutes it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable …Water will be the coal of the future.
(EHPdLUzð ªPArPA jPLlP-ikPP tPOArP çpPOLATPEmPFkPP imPF´ilP EHPiyPAEjPLtPO kPPrPilP ûitPOrPQ hPFiHP ePkPP SPFEÀoPLÝSPFAlPQ ePHPM HPzHPhPFAirPApPOLiyPAgPOQ SPFEÀoPLÝ| hPFÿA, HPÓ÷UìrPA, aAEmPF EHPSL÷PAsPF kPPErP jPLlP ePkPPEdPLnPL jüPAlPAnPLQ EhPFsPFAiHP HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFiHP, hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL oPF aE½PijPLnPL ePkPPkPP HPA yU±OLÉP BPOAiHP tPOApPOL ePHPM aAilPArP afUOLrPÙPO wvPOðsPF EhPFsPFAiHP pPOLErPgPOEnPLtPO hPFiHP yPA kPPbPLlPArP pPOLi¾PP sPFÆPFHP nPLbPL| jPLlP hPFiHP BPOEHPXPzitPOrP kPPbPLlPA|)

kPPÜP EHP¸PPAnPL iTPikPP cPFilP aAsPFA yPAkPP HPAéPFHP EHP¸PPAinPL| EHPESPFêPL EHP¸PPAnPLQ ijPL. EHP. ePsPF. hPFlPiwPOnPL (John Burden Sanderson Haldane) 1923 sPFAilP tPOÿArP mPFAÀeOL` kFUOEwxPF HPðsPFrP HPbPLisPF ikPPmPF²E`çFHPjPL EHPSL÷PEHPdPLzAlPibPL ePkPPEWvPF ûiHP¸PPAEnPLkPP çpPOLéPFAHPnPLA wvPOpPOLëPOAEpPOLtPO kPPrPilPnPL - EkPP BPOAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL BPOEHPXPzð SPFEÀoPLÝ wvPOðsPF EhPFsPFAiHP ëPOAnPL kPPirP inPLiHP| EkPP BPOAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL ûitPObPLArPQ kPPrPA yPAiHP ePHPM sPFMrPE¾PPtPO oPF HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFiHP - tPOArP FpOLZNPY rPìpPOLirPKPA EtPOEnPL EdPLilPnPL| yPEdPLoPF wvPOpPOLEëPOtPO gPONPzmPFAnPLz EHP¸PPAnPLQ oPF aEtPOETPgPOiNPrP ainPLikPPvhPF EHPXPbPLEWvPFikPP ñPLAEÀoP`LkPP ãO÷PpFÔP HPilP nPLsPFzAð kPPirP EdPLibPLECPFilPnPL, ePvhPFWvPFAvhPF iHPADPF hPFbPL çpPOLTPmPF FpOLZNPY EHP¸PPAnPLsPFÓOLÉPtPO rPìpPOLirPKPA hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPLikPP SPFEÀoPLÝ-wvPOðsPF EhPFsPFAiHP HPzHPhPFArP kPPrPArP|
SPFEÀoPLÝ-wvPOðsPF EhPFsPFAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLinPLrP aipPOL¾PPAkFÖOtPO i`çLSPFîPOñPL çpPOLmPFAnPL kPPrPitPO EgPOibPL hPFlPiwPOnPL ElPKPilPnPL, tPOrPlP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLinPLrP wvPO©LcPFtPOrP kPPAyPYdPL¾PPtPOA aAiCPF SPFEÀoPLÝ sPFMrP¾PPiNPrP - iyPmPFnPL, pPOLAwvPOLÕPL çpPOLEtPO ePWvPFA ipPOLiæWvPFAlP aipPOL¾PPA EtPOnPLgOUnPL tPOApPOLSPFEÀoPLÝ DPFArPiNPrP ¾PPmPFtPOA rPAiKP (liquid hydrogen is weight by weight the most efficient known method of storing energy, as it gives about three times as much heat per pound of petrol)| EtPOEnPL BPOEHPXPzðHPANPQ kPPrPilPnPL iyP aAgPOAmPFQ cPFArP SPFtPOikPPrP mPFiDPFz E`çFHPiWvPFinPLrP SPFEÀoPLÝrP çpPOLibPLAjPLnPL imPFWvPFAiHP sPFAErP sPFAErP HPAtPOAsPFkPPlP, yPA wvPO©LcPF iBPOAiÃFWvPFijPL EHPdLUzitPOrP iyPAgPOAnPL idPLiHP sFUdLZirP aHPEëPOtPO iãOFWvPFSPFinPL| HPAbLU-HPhZFlP aAHPhPFAoPFbPLAkPPAilP aEtPOErPÀoPLÝ EHPdLUzð HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFiHP jPLlPikPP EHPBPOAjPLnPL kPPrPitPO hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL oPF aE½PijPLinPL, yPA tPOrPlPAEbPLtPO kPPirP sPFMrPE¾PPtPO hPFiHP HPwxPF HPwxPF BPOzAkFUObPLAmPF-HPEhPFrPAHPErPtPO (vacuum jacketed) aADPFAirP, iyPgOUElP hPFbPLitPOA TPAkPPiHP mPFAEWvPFrP tPOlPAbPL|
hPFlPiwPOnPL aArPoPF aAilPAcPFnPLA kPPirPiCPFnPL EHPdLUzð wvPOðpPOLAdPLinPLrP mFZlPz EHPXPibPL- çpPOLATPEmPFkPP mFZlPz hPFiHP iHPSPFQ, EkPPÙUO cPFAlPAinPLA (running)-rP mFZlPz hPFiHP kPPmPF| tPOA CPFAwxPFA, EtPOEnPL aAilPAcPFnPLA kPPirPiCPFnPL pPOLErPiHPSPF oPF sPFAmPFAEjPLkPP pPOLErPnPLAimPFrP EHPXPbPL| sPFÈOFpOLZNPY dLZXPNPmFUÀoPLÝ hPFiHP ePvhPF EHPdLUzð iyPihPFtUO ikPPAnPLvhPF iDPFAÿbPLA HPA CPFAvhPF inPLvhPF| sPFAmPFAEjPLkPP wvPOpPOLkPPArP EHPXPibPL EtPOEnPL HPlPilPnPL- SPFEÀoPLÝrP mFZlPz ePitPOA sPFéPFA hPFiHP ePkPPëPOAnPL iTPikPP anPLzëPOAinPL iyP, ESPFÜP HPhUFlPAMiSPF EHPikPPÓLçLdPLQBZOtPO hPFiHP (energy will be as cheap in one part of the country as another so that industry will be greatly decentralized)|

hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL çpPOLTPmPF HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFbPL, iHPADPF hPFbPL, 1920-30 sPFAilP yPKPnPL jPLAmPFYAnPL kFÖOðikPP´SPFlPQrPA ePEWvPFikPP HPzHPhPFArP kPPrPilPnPL nPLiBPOAåcPFArPNPAbPL - ijPLipPOLElPnPL (Zeppelin)-ePrP içpPOLXPHPDPFYkPP (booster)-jüPAlPAnPLQ EhPFsPFAiHP| wvPOiwxPFAjPLAhPFAjPLEWvPFrP çpPOLATPEmPFkPP jüPAlPAnPLQ ECPFlP iHPEÑPnPL ePHPM ipPOLæWvPFilPrP EmPF`çLSPFNP| jPLAhPFAijPLrP vhPFEÑPnPLikPP sFUEHPDPFAmPFitPOA pPOLErPmPFAEjPLYtPO kPPrPA hPFibPLECPFlP yPAitPO sPFADPFArPNPBPOAiHP wvPOðsPFAErPtPO hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL jPLAhPFAijPLrP ÂpPFAEHPtPOA (buoyancy) rP¾PPA kPPirP aEtPOErPÀoPLÝ jüPAlPAnPLQ EhPFsPFAiHP| 1930-40 sPFAilP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLinPLrP HPzHPhPFArP idPLKPA yPAbPL jPLAmPFYAnPLQ oPF vhPFMlPiLÕPL pPOLrPQ¾PPAmFZlPkPPBPOAiHP - æWvPFAkPP, imPFAWvPFrPgPOAwxPFQ, irPlP vhPFEÑPnPL, ePmPFnPLEkPP sPFAHPimPFErPinPL| yPAnPLHPAhPFinPL 1920-40 sPFAilPrP ePvhPF HPzHPhPFArP EkPPÙUO KLUHP HPzApPOLkPP BPOAiHP hPFbPL EnPL| HPzApPOLkPP HPzHPhPFAirPrP jPLnPLz iyP pPOLrPQ¾PPAEnPLrPQ¾PPA HPA gPOiHPXPNPArP çpPOLibPLAjPLnPL isPFgOUElP kPPrPA hPFibPL oPFiVPF EnPL|

1973 sPFAilPrP itPOlP-sPFÌPOiWvPFrP pPOLirP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL-sPFMÀePÝAÙPO gPOiHPXPNPAbPL mPFAEkPPYnPL yUÀoPLÝrPAæFêPL EkPPCUF lPgLÔPQ kPPirP tPOiHP isPFWvPFA kPPKPnPLoPF 24 EmPFElPbPLnPL wPOlPAirPrP iHPSPFQ hPFbPLEnPL| anPLzEdPLikPP sPFÀoP`LirPrP dPLSPFikPP vhPFibPLAirPAipPOL lPEgLÔP hPFbPL 72 iTPikPP 84 EmPFElPbPLnPL wPOlPArP| tPOiHP itPOlP-sPFÌPOWvPF æhPAsPF ipPOLilP ePvhPF DPFrPiNPrP lPgLÔPQoPF æhPAsPF pPOLAbPL| gPOiHPXPNPAbPL lPgLÔPQ HPAwxPFitPO SFUrPq kPPirP 90-ePrP dPLSPFikPP, yPKPnPL jPLQHPAåÉP-jüPAlPAnPLQ iTPikPP wvPO«ZFtPO kPPAHPYnPL-wPOAvhPF½PAEbPLwPO, çLgPFQnPLhPFAwvPOsPF ePifPOÁPO, a`ÂLmLPL-HÖEêPL oPF FpOLÖETPHPQrP wvPOðÀoP`LâPL hPFoPFbPLArP gPOiHPXPNPAlP¢Pì EHPXPbPL çpPOLkPPAESPFtPO hPFitPO TPAikPP ePHPM wvPOnÔPtPO FpOLUnPLnPLYHPQkPPrPNP SPFEÀoPLÝ-wvPOðisPFrP çpPOLibPLAjPLnPLQbPLtPOA sPFkPPilP wvPOpPOLlPE¢Pì kPPirP| EHP¸PPAnPLQidPLrP mPFiDPFz aEDPFkPP sPFicPFtPOnPLtPOA idPLKPA yPAbPL hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL jüPAlPAnPLQ sPFMÀePÝAÙPO gPOiHPXPNPAbPLL - hPFAvhPFiæwPOA-kPPAHPYnPL jüPAlPAnPLQrP EHPkPPÜP EhPFisPFiHP ePEWvPFrP HPzHPhPFAirP| 'wvPOÀoP`LâPL FpOLÖETPHPQ'- rP sPFmPFsPFzAikPP sPFAmPFinPL irPiKP aËPArPmFUÀoPLÝ SPFEÀoPLÝ wvPOðisPFrP sPFÓ÷PìAinPL BZOtPOÀoFüOLEHPdPL, aAHPhPFAoPFbPLA- oPF pPOLErPiHPSPF- EHP¸PPAnPLQrPA JPFÿAEpPOLibPL pPOLiwxPFnPL|

1988 sPFAilP isPFAEBPOibPLWvPF rPAESPFbPLArP EHP¸PPAnPLQ oPF kFÖOðikPP´SPFlPQrPA sPF¾PPmPF hPFnPL yPAÀeOL`QHPAhPFQ ijPLWvPF-EHPmPFAnPLikPP aAMESPFkPPBPOAiHP tPOrPlP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLinPL cPFAlPAitPO; mPFAEkPPYnPL yUÀoPLÝrPAiæFêPLrP wvPOvhPFElPbPLAmPF kPPnPLrPAwPO sPFHPYçpPOLTPmPF pPOLAEwxPF idPLnPL tPOrPlP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL-cPFAElPtPO EHPmPFAinPL| 1992 sPFAilP jPLAmPFYAnPLQrP `çFfPOLnPL²hPFfPOArP vhPFÓOLsLPEWvPFWvUFzWvPF çpPOLTPmPF isPF´rP-cPFAElPtPO HPAsPFgOÖhPF ûitPObPLArPQ kPPirP| pPOLirPrP HPCPFirP jPLApPOLAnPL ePkPPEWvPF 30-HPCPFirPrP pPOLErPkPPÜPnPLA çLgPFhPFNP kPPirP 2 EHPElPbPLnPL wPOlPArP lPgLÔPQ sPFhPF, hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL gPOiHPXPNPAbPL; ePHPM 1994 sPFAilP iHPlPEjPLbPLAimPFrP gPOQlP (Geel) SPFhPFirPrP rPAéPFAbPL idPLKPA idPLbPL çpPOLTPmPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL-cPFAElPtPO HPAsPF| pPOLirPrP HPCPFrP ESPFkPPAigPOA yPAnPLHPAhPFnPL sPFMëPOA EnPLjPLãO÷P hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL-HPAisPFrP oPFpPOLrP pPOLrPQ¾PPA-EnPLrPQ¾PPA sFUrPq kPPirP ePHPM 1995 sPFAilP mPFAEkPPYnPL yUÀoPLÝrPAiæFêPLrP kPPzAElPfPOEnPLYbPLArP ePlP isPFgOUiLÕPLA (El Segundo) SPFhPFirP çpPOLTPmPF isPF´rP-hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL çpPOLkPPÜP rPìpPOL pPOLAbPL| 2.5 EmPFElPbPLnPL wPOlPAirPrP ePvhPF çpPOLkPPiÜP isPF´rP-SPFEÀoPLÝ iTPikPP EHPdLUzð wvPOðpPOLAdPLnPL kPPrPA hPFbPL isPF´rP EpPOL.EBPO. ikPPAXP ªPArPA| wvPOðpPOLAEdPLtPO EHPdLUzð EdPLibPL jPLlPikPP EHPBPOAjPLnPL kPPrPA hPFbPL tPOEwxPFð- EHPi`ÂLSPFXPkPP yPÓFíPL (electrolyser) HPzHPhPFArP kPPirP| ePvhPF yPÓFíPL EdPLinPL 1,500 iTPikPP 2,000 EkPPwvPOEHPkPP fUOLWvPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL wvPOðpPOLnÔP kPPrPitPO pPOLAirP| hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPLikPP HPAäOpPFmFUÀoPLÝ kPPirP çpPOLEtPO HPgPOYfUOLiWvPF 5,000 pPOLAwvPOLÕPL cPFAipPOL sPFMrP¾PPNP kPPrPA hPFbPL| ePvhPF sPFMrPE¾PPtPO hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL pPOLirP HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFbPL ifPOAwPOY irPÑPArP æWvPFAikPP jüPAlPAnPLQ EhPFsPFAiHP, vhPFEÑPnPLikPP rPìpPOLAÙPOrP kPPrPArP pPOLrP| 1998 sPFAilP rPibPLlP wPOAcPF/ iSPFlP iyP´TP-sPFMëPOA hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL HPzHPhPFAirP ePkPPEWvPF 'hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL WvPFQmPF'ëPOApPOLnPL kPPirP| 1999 sPFAilP aAvhPFsPFlPzALÕPL iGPLAXPNPLA kPPirP ePkPPEWvPF dPLQGPLY-imPFbPLAdPLQ pPOLErPkPPÜPnPLA - EHPiSL÷PrP çpPOLTPmPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL-rPAæFêPL hPFHPArP| ePvhPF pPOLErPkPPÜPnPLA rPìpPOLAbPLinPLrP jPLnPLz EtPOnPLEWvPF aAÙPOjPLYAEtPOkPP sPFMëPOA, rPibPLlP wPOAcPF/ iSPFlP wvPOidPLzAgPO, wPOAibPLmPFlPArP-ÀePÝAvhPFsPF²lPArP oPF nPLSPFY hPFAvhPFiæwPOA (Norsk Hydro) iyP´TP wvPOidPLzAgPO ëPOApPOLnPLA kPPirP CPFbPLEWvPF aAvhPFsPFlPzALÕPLQbPL sPFMëPOArP sPFiËP|

ePvhPFBPOAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL SPFEÀoPLÝ-wvPOðsPF sPFMÀePÝAÙPO nPLAnPLAnPL wvPOidPLzAgPO EnPLibPL ePkPPEHPMSPF SPFtPOA¡PQitPO çpPOLiHPSPF kPPrPilPA aAmPFAidPLrP ePvhPF EHPSL÷P| tPOiHP jPLlP iTPikPP EHPBPOAjPLnPL tPOKPnPLvhPF pPOLErPrPE¾PPtPO (sustainable) hPFiHP yPKPnPL EHPBPOAjPLinPLrP jPLnPLz çpPOLibPLAjPLnPLQbPL EHPdLUzð atPOzÙPO SPFéPFA ePHPM apPOLyPYAâPL hPFiHP| HPAbLU-SPFEÀoPLÝ ePvhPF EHPEnPLidPLYSPF (specifcation) pPOLAlPnPL kPPrPitPO sPF¾PPmPF| pPOLyPYAâPL pPOLErPmPFAinPL ePHPM yPKPnPL cPFAEhPFdPLA kPPmPF TPAkPPiHP tPOKPnPL wvPOªÖÀoP`L EHPdLUzð sPFMrP¾PPNP kPPrPA yPAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLinPL| (idPLKLUnPL - pOLUnPLnPLYHPQkPPrPNP SPFEÀoPLÝ-wvPOðsPF ePHPM ePkPPEHPMSPF SPFtPOA¡PQ)|
ijPL. EHP.ePsPF. hPFlPiwPOinPLrP BPOEHPXPzðHPANPQ anFUsPFAirP SPFEÀoPLÝrP wvPOðpPOLAdPLnPL oPF HPzHPhPFArP EHPikPPÓLçLdPLQBZOtPO hPFitPO cPFilPiCPF| ePkPPWvPFA nPLtUOnPL SPFEÀoPLÝ-nPLQEtPOrP jPLÓOLÉP aAsPFnÔP iyPKPAinPL mPFAnFUXP EHPSPFAlP, ikPPÓLçLdPLQBUOtPO (centralized) oPF i`çLSPFNPQHPªPì (hierarchial) wvPOðpPOLAdPLnPL çpPOLEÀePÝbPLA iTPikPP sPFirP aAsPFiHP ePHPM EHPdLUzð-wvPOðpPOLAdPLkPP oPF-HPzHPhPFArPkPP ePkPPAËPQBUOtPO hPFiHP|
sPFADPFArPNP BPOAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLinPLrP HPzHPhPFAirP EnPLrPApPOLÀoP`LA oPF anPLzAnPLz EHPXPibPL ainPLikPPrP mPFinPLvhPF EkPPCUF çpPOLSLÔP TPAkPPA ãO÷PABPOAEHPkPP| EkPPCUF çpPOLSLÔP-wvPOÀoP`LrP EdPLibPLiCPFnPL oPFbPLArP²ÃOOwOP oPFbPLAcPF vhPFnPLEãOFWvPFWvUFziWvPFrP iSPFVPF wPOAnPL (Sett Dunn)| [hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL jüPAlPAnPLQ EnPLibPL EkPPCUF çpPOLSLÔP-wvPOÀoP`LrP-eP E`ÂFkPPkPP kPPrPqnPL|]

sPFMrPE¾PPtPO hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL iTPikPP EHPdLUzð:
sPFMrPE¾PPtPO hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL iTPikPP EHPdLUzð wvPOðpPOLAdPLinPLrP ePkPPEWvPF wvPOpPOLAbPL hPFilPA hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL fUOLibPLlP isPFlP| ePvhPF isPFlP EnPLibPL gPOiHPXPNPA EkPPÙUO nPLtUOnPL nPLbPL imPFAiWvPFvhPF|1800 sPFAilP dLUvhPF HÖEWvPFSPF EHP¸PPAnPLQ wvPOvhPFElPbPLAmPF EnPLkPPlPsPFnPL oPF azAÓFWvPFnPLQ kPPArP²lPAvhPFlP (William Nicholson & Anthony Carlisle) çpPOLéPFAHP kPPirPECPFilPnPL EkPP BPOAiHP jPLlPikPP EHPdLUzð EdPLibPL EHPiyPAEjPLtPO kPPrPA yPAbPL hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL oPF aE½PijPLinPL| tPOiHP EkPP EHPiSPFXP wvPOpPOLAibPL ePvhPF gPOzAsPF dLUEWvPF sPFmPFÓ÷OLbPL kPPirP EHPdLUzð wvPOðpPOLAdPLnPL sPFÆPFHP tPOArP hPFEdPLSPF EdPLilPnPL wvPOvhPFElPbPLAmPF rPHPAWvPFY içLgPFABPO (William Robert Grove)(1811-1896) - tPOÿArP ûitPOrPQ çpPOLTPmPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL jüPAlPAnPLQ ikPPAiXPrP mPFDPFz EdPLibPL, yPArP nPLAmPF EtPOEnPL EdPLibPLECPFilPnPL 'gPOzAsPF HPzAWvPFArPQ'|

içLgPFABPO HPAEnPLibPLECPFilPnPL ePkPP wvPOnÔPtPO ikPPAXP yPAitPO dLUEWvPF ÂpPFzAEWvPFnPLAmPF tPOEwxPFðªPArP HPzHPhPFArP kPPrPA hPFibPLiCPF| tPOEwxPFðªPArP dLUEWvPFrP ePkPPEdPLkPP iwPOAHPAinPLA TPAkPPiHP sPFAlPEfPOwvPOErPkPP azAEsPFiwPO ePHPM anPLz dLUEWvPF EdPLkPP aAlPAdPLABPOAiHP TPAkPPiHP EsPFlP-kPPrPA dLUEWvPF aADPFAirP- ePkPPEWvPFitPO hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL oPF jPLlP, anPLzEWvPFitPO aE½PijPLnPL oPF jPLlP| içLgPFABPO idPLKPAilPnPL, tPOEwxPFðªPArP dLUEWvPFikPP HPAvhPFirPrP iTPikPP ûiHPdLUzEtPOkPP tPOArP EdPLibPL yUÀoPLÝ kPPrPilP sPFmPFçpPOLHPAhPF EHPdLUzð çpPOLHPAEhPFtPO hPFiHP ePHPM EsPFlP-yUÀoPLÝ aADPFAirP jPLlP-sPFmPFtPOlP (water level) HÖEªPì pPOLAiHP| aTPYAð SFUDFU EHPdLUzð wvPOðpPOLAdPLnPL nPLbPL, sPFiËP wvPOðpPOLnÔP hPFiHP jPLlPoPF|
rPsPFAbPLnPL-EHP¸PPAnPLQ lUwPOEBPOgPO mPFLÕPL (Ludwig Mond)(1839-1909) ePHPM tPOÿArP sPFhPFkPPArPQ kPPAlPY lPzAËPArP (Carl Langer) 1889 sPFAilP sPFEHPéPFAirP HPNPYnPLA EdPLilPnPL ePkPPEWvPF pPOLrPQ¾PPiNPrP - hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL-aE½PijPLnPL jüPAlPAnPLQ ikPPAiXPrP| tPOEwxPFðªPArP-FpOLÖiîPOrP çpPOLEtPO HPgPOY-fUOLiWvPF 6 bPLzAEÈOLpPOLbPLArP kPPAirPÓFWvPF ipPOLibPLECPFilPnPL 0.73 iBPOAiÃFWvPF| dLUEWvPF pPOLAtPOlPA sPFE©CPFædP ÂpPFzAEWvPFnPLAmPF pPOLAtPO HPzHPhPFArP kPPirP ECPFilPnPL tPOÿArPA ePHPM pPOLAtPOdLUEWvPFikPP ECPFædP-yUÀoPLÝ EHPdLUzð-apPOLErPHPAhPFQ pPOLdPLAiTPY EBPOEjPLibPL EnPLibPLECPFilPnPL yPAitPO ePkPPEWvPF wvPOpPOL-kPPEVPFnPL (quasi-solid) aAkPPArP pPOLAbPL|
i`çFfPOLwPO²ErPkPP wvPOvhPFlPihPFÃOLÉP asPFoPFbPLAÃOOwOP (Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald)(1853-1932) çpPOLTPmPF tPOAEÀoFüOLkPP HPzAKPzA idPLnPL hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL fUOLibPLlP isPFilPrP| içLgPFABPO sPFEVPFkPP DPFArPnPLA kPPirPECPFilPnPL iyP tPOÿArP gPOzAsPF-HPzAWvPFArPQitPO tPOEwxPFðªPArP, gPOzAsPF oPF tPOEwxPFðEHPi`ÂLSPFiXPzrP mPFiDPFz EHPEÀePÝbPLA hPFbPL tPOAidPLrP EmPFElPtPO ãPOpPOLSPFYëPOilP| EkPPÙUO ePrP HPzAKPzA EtPOEnPL EdPLitPO pPOLAirPnPLEnPL| asPFoPFbPLAÃOOwOP SFUDFU tPOÀoFüOL-EHPi`ÂLSPFXPNP kPPrPilPnPL nPLA, pPOLrPQ¾PPA-EnPLrPQ¾PPA ªPArPA tPOEwxPFðªPArP, tPOEwxPFðEHPi`ÂLSPFXPz, jPLArPNP- oPF EHPjPLArPNP-kPPArPkPP, azAnPLbPLnPL oPF kPPzAWvPFAbPLnPL (anion & cation)-idPLrP mPFiDPFz pPOLArPãPOpPOLErPkPP sPFÈOLpPOLkPPY EnPLrPìpPOLNP kPPirPECPFilPnPL| ePvhPF EhPFsPFAiHP asPFoPFbPLAÃOOwOPikPP fUOLibPLlP isPFilPrP tPOAEÀoFüOLkPP-jPLnPLkPP HPlPA yPAbPL|
EHPMSPF SPFtPOA¡PQrP çpPOLTPimPF sFUvhPFWvPFjPLArPlPiLÕPLrP ePEmPFlP HPibPLrP(1893-1944) tPOÿArP CPFAÀeOL`idPLrP EnPLibPL EHPéPFAErPtPO gPOiHPXPNPA kPPirPiCPFnPL EHPdLUzð ikPPAXP EnPLibPL| tPOArPmPFiDPFz tPOEwxPFð- EHPi`ÂLSPFXPz EhPFisPFiHP wvPO©LcPF tPOApPOLmPFAinPL gPOElPtPO irP´pPOLzikPP HPzHPhPFArP HPA mPFAEWvPF oPF DPFAtUO-a½PAvhPFiwPOrP EmPFElPtPO kPPEVPFnPL pPOLdPLAiTPYrP HPzHPhPFArP wvPOi`ÂlPKPiyPAgPOz|
`çFfPOLAEÓOLsLPsPF WvPFmPFAsPF iHPkPPnPL (1904-1992) çpPOLAbPL nPLbPL HPCPFrP pPOLErP`çLSPFimPFrP pPOLrP 1939 sPFAilP ûitPOrPQ kPPrPilPnPL ePkPPEWvPF ikPPAXP yPArP tPOEwxPFðEHPi`ÂLSPFXPz hPFilPA azAlPkPPElP ePHPM tPOEwxPFðªPArP EnPLikPPilPrP tPOArP-jPLAlP.ePWvPFA cPFAlPAitPO 3000 EpPOL- ePsPF-aAvhPF cPFAipPOLrP çpPOLibPLAjPLnPL hPFbPL| EªPtPOQbPL EHPSL÷PyUiªPì ePvhPF ikPPAXP HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFbPL HÖEWvPFSPF inPL´isPFnPLAHPAEhPFnPLQrP sPFAHPimPFErPinPL| 1958 sPFAilP iHPkPPnPL 25 isPFEÓFWvPFEmPFWvPFAirPrP icPFibPL HPwxPF HPzAisPFrP tPOEwxPFðªPArP-yUÀoPLÝ azAlPkPPAElP ikPPAiXPrP éUFpPOL (stack)-ePrP kPPmPFY¾PPmPFtPOA idPLKPAnPL| pPOLirP ePvhPF ikPPAXP wvPOnÔPtPO kPPirP azAipPOLAilPA mPFhPFAkPPASPF yPAinPL HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFbPL|

2003-2004 LçLKPQêPLA¡P

sPFArPA EHPSL÷P jULiwxPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL SPFEÀoPLÝ EnPLibPL gPOiHPXPNPA oPF tPOArP çpPOLibPLAgPO cPFlPiCPF| EkPPCUF tPOTPz nPLQicPF idPLoPFbPLA hPFilPA| HPlPA HPAhUFlPz, iHPSPFQrP BPOAgPO kPPAjPL hPFi©CPF wvPOnÔPtPO idPLSPFgOUElPitPO yPAidPLrP eP DPFrPiNPrP kPPAijPL aTPY-EHPEnPLibPLAigPOrP ¾PPmPFtPOA rPibPLiCPF ePHPM çpPOLyUEÀoPLÝitPO ePEgPOibPL aAiCPF| gPOiHPXPNPArP mFZlP sPFhPFiyPAgPOQ hPFlP ESPFÜP oPF EHPSL÷PEHPdPLzAlPbPLgOUElP| BPOArPitPO ePvhPF gPOiHPXPNPArP sPFMHPAdPL EHPiSPFXP inPLvhPF| gPOiHPXPNPA çpPOLDPFAnPLtPOß cPFlPiCPF yPAnPLHPAhPFinPLrP oPFpPOLrP çpPOLibPLAgPOikPP EGPLirP iyPihPFtUO lPgLÔPQ-kFÖOtPO aiTPYrP tPOAwxPFAtPOAEwxPF wvPOsFUlP hPFHPArP sPFÆPFAHPnPLA atPOzÙPO iHPSPFQ|

yPAnPLHPAhPFinPL hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL HPzHPhPFAirP sFUEHPDPFA ePvhPF iyP imPFAWvPFrPgPOAwxPFQ, HPAsPF oPF æWvPFAikPP sPFADPFArPNP BPOAiHP HPzHPhÖFtPO pPOLErPHPAhPFkPP (transmission), EHPiBPOdPLkPP (differential) ePHPM cPFAlPkPP-dPLLÕPL (drive- shaft)-ePrP çpPOLibPLAjPLnPL hPFbPL nPLA | dPLrPkPPArP wvPO©LcPF ædPqEtPO-sPFÈOLpPOLnÔP imPFAWvPFrP ePHPM ijPLnPLAirPWvPFAirPrP (http://www.turbogenset.com)| aArP dPLrPkPPArP sPFmPFéPF aMSPFgOUElP sFUEnPLbPLEÓFíPLtPO kPPrPArP| tPOArPjPLnPLz gPOiHPXPNPA cPFlPiCPF kPPÈOFpOLUWvPFArP kPPAijPL lPAEgPOibP (http://www.m4.ca)| ãFFkFUOWvPFArP ePHPM HPAvhPFsPFAvhPFikPPilPrP HPzAWvPFArPQ oPF aÙPOdPLYhPFnPL vhPFEÑPnPL (internal combustion engine)-ePrP pPOLErPHPitPOY KLUHP iCPFAWvPF, sFUHPhPF (portable) fUOLibPLlP isPFilPrP HPzHPhPFArP EnPLibPLoPF cPFlPiCPF ainPLkPP gPOiHPXPNPA (www.palcan.com)| isPFvhPF sPFiËP cPFlPiCPF eý DPFrPinPLrP vhPFEÑPinPLrP FpOLUnPLirPApPOLiyPAgPOQ (retrofit) hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL oPF aE½PijPLnPL HPzHPëPOA rPìpPOLAEbPLtPO kPPrPArP kPPAjPL, yPArP fPOilP aASPFA kPPrPA hPFi©CPF EnPLßsPFrPNP (emission) kPPimPF yPAiHP aTPcPF aSL÷P-SPFEÀoPLÝ, WvPFkPPY (torque) ePHPM mPFAvhPFlP EhPFsPFiHP dLZrPtPOA (milage) HÖEªPì pPOLAiHP|

sPFMkPPrP (hybrid) çpPOLjPLAEtPO yPAnPLHPAhPFinPLrP EHPXPibPL gPOiHPXPNPA cPFlPiCPF iyPKPAinPL gPOAwxPFQitPO vhPFEÑPnPL ePHPM fUOLibPLlP isPFlP TPAkPPiHP vhPFilPkPP²EæWvPFkPP imPFAWvPFrP ePHPM HPzAWvPFzArPQ-sPFhPF; ePvhPF i¾PPiÀeOL` ãO÷PbPLMEÀePÝbPL EnPLbPLÓFíPLiNPrP EHPXPbPLEWvPF iHPSPF gOUrPqñPLFpOLZNPY ePHPM aAkPPXPYNPQbPL| HPzHPsPFAbPLQ çpPOLEtPOîPOAnPL oPF HPsPFtPOHPAwxPFQ ûiHPdLUzEtPOkPPrPNP oPF wvPOÀoP`LâPL rPAKPArP EHPXPibPL wvPOnÔPtPO EwPOjPLAvhPFnPL EnPLibPLoPF çpPOLcUFrP gPOiHPXPNPA cPFlPiCPF (http://www. Kinectrics.com)|

nPLzAinPLA-EkPPwvPOHP

itPOirPpPOL²TPElPkPP azAEsPFwPO (terephthalic acid) ePHPM EjPLÌPO a½PAvhPFwPO iTPikPP çpPOLéUFtPO ePkPP çpPOLkPPArP 'nPLzAinPLA-EkPPwvPOHP' ûitPOrPQ sPFÆPFHP hPFibPLiCPF iyPWvPFA iWvPFAWvPFA (cartridge) aHPëPOAbPL hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPLikPP iSPFAXPNP kPPrPiHP sPFADPFArPNP cPFAipPOL ePHPM sPFÈOFpOLZNPY EnPLbPLEÓFíPLtPO BPOAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL mFUÀoPLÝ kPPrPiHP fUOLibPLlP isPFilP | ePvhPF DPFrPinPLrP iWvPFAWvPFA HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFitPO pPOLAirP lPzApPOL-WvPFpPOL kPPÈOFpOLUWvPFArP oPF nPLAnPLAEHPDPF sFUHPhPF vhPFilPkPP²æWvPFEnPLkPP yPÓFíPLpPOLAEtPOitPO| iWvPFAWvPFAgOUElPitPO hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL TPAkPPiHP ãO÷PABPOAEHPkPP HPAbLUcPFAipPOLrP 10-gOUNP cPFAipPOL ePHPM 10-GPLÓFWvPFArP aEDPFkPP sPFmPFbPL DPFirP EnPLbPLEÓFíPLtPO BPOAiHP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL mFUÀoPLÝ kPPrPitPO pPOLArPiHP|

çpPOLibPLAgPO:

aAvhPFsPF²lPzAiLÕPL EHPiSL÷PrP çpPOLTPmPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL iãOFWvPFSPFnPL irPkPP²jPLAEBPOkPP (Reykjavik) SPFhPFirP imPFAWvPFrPgPOAwxPFQ oPF HPAisPFrP jPLnPLz hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL-jüPAlPAnPLQ iãOFWvPFSPFinPLrP wvPOi«PFADPFnPL hPFlP 24-iSPF mPFAcPFY, 2003 sPFAilP|akFUOëPOilPvhPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL ûitPOrPQrP HPzHPëPOA hPFibPLiCPF jPLlP iTPikPP EHPiyPAjPLinPLrP EBPOEÀoP`LitPO| EHPdLUzð sPFrPHPrPAhPF kPPrPA hPFi©CPF aAvhPFsPF²lPzAiLÕPLrP jPLlP-EHPdLUzð ePHPM BZOtPOApPOLQbPL SPFEÀoPLÝ wvPOðsPF iTPikPP| aAgPOêPL, 2003-ePrP KPHPrP anFUyPAbPLQ hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL jüPAlPAnPLQ iãOFWvPFSPFnPLEWvPF EnPLbPLEmPFtPO BPOAiHP EtPOnPLEWvPF wPOAibPL`ÂLmLPLArP-ÀePÝAvhPFsPF²lPArP 'EsPFWvPFAmPF' HPAisPF hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL ijPLAgPOAnPL EdPLi©CPF| aAgPOAmPFQ dLU-EtPOnPL HPCPFirP bLUirPAipPOLrP aArPoPF CPFbPLEWvPF sPFhPFirP ePvhPF pPOLErPiXPHPArP HPzHPëPOA kPPrPA hPFiHP| gPOiHPXPNPA cPFlPiCPF EkPP BPOAiHP aAvhPFsPF²lPzAiLÕPLrP EHPSPFAlP mPFACPF DPFrPA inPL´kPPAgOUElP hPFAvhPFiæwPOAijPLnPL jüPAlPAnPLQ EdPLibPL cPFAlPAinPLA yPAbPL yPArP fPOilP CO2@-EnPLßsPFrPNP ainPLkPP kPPmPF hPFiHP| SPFEÀoPLÝ-wvPOðisPFrP ePvhPF pPOLErPHPÀoP`LYinPL aAvhPFsPF²lPzAiLÕPLrP aATPY-sPFAmPFAEjPLkPP ePHPM pPOLErPiHPSPF EHPXPibPL EkPP DPFrPinPLrP pPOLErPHPtPOYnPL aAsPFitPO pPOLirP isPFWvPFA aDPFzbPLnPL kPPrPA hPFiHP|

[sFZÀeOL`: Verne, Jules- The mysterious Island (Translated by W.H.G.Kingston), N.Y., 1959
Haldane,J.B.S.- Daedalus or Science and the Future; Dutton, 1925
Jeremy Rifkin- The Hydrojen Economy ]