20th Century Science and Invention

E`HPMSPF SPFtPOA¡PQrP E`HP¸PPAnPL

E`HPMSPFSPFtPOA¡PQ``utPO E`HP¸PPA``unPL E`kPPCUF
aAE`HPúPOArP oPF wvPO«PFAHPnPL ePHPM GPLWvPFnPLA

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HPArP²igPOsPF kPPdPLYmPFESPFlPA

aAEHPúPOArP : 1909 LçLKPQêPLA¡P
EHP¸PPAnPLQ : cPFArPlPsPF² EwPO. oPFbPLAlPikPPAWvPF

1909 LçLKPQêPLAi¡P 'HPArP²igPOsPF kPPdPLYmPFESPFlPA' (Burgess Shale) aAEHPúPOArP kPPirPnPL cPFArPlPsPF² EwPO. oPFbPLAlPikPPAWvPF- tPOKPnPL EtPOEnPL EãPFÉPTPisPFAEnPLbPLAnPL vhPFÓOLsLP²EWvPFEWvPFwvPOSPFinPL kPPmPFYrPtPO ECPFilPnPL F| kPPETPtPO aAiCPF uyP, tPOÿArP aSL÷P ePkPPEWvPF HPwxPF pPOLATPirPrP sPFÓOLÉUiKP dPLÿAEwxPFibPL yPAbPL ; pPOLATPrPEWvPF uBPOiËP pPOLAoPFbPLA ugPOlP jPLQHPAåÉP (fossil ) F| ePvhPF BPOAiHPvhPF HPArP²igPOsPF kPPdPLYmPFESPFlPA aAEHPúÖOtPO hPFbPL ; aHPSPFz tPOKPnPL tPOKPnPLvhPF ePEWvPF ukPPAnPLoPF sPFmPFAdPLrP pPOLAbPLEnPL, uyPWvPFA hPFibPLECPFlP pPOLÏPOASPF HPCPFrP pPOLirP 1960 LçLKPQ-utPO, yPKPnPL aAlPiHPirPA EsPFimPFAinPLlPA (Alberot Simonella ) ePrP EHPEBPOnÔP çpPOLANPQkFUOlP (FFauna)%-ePrP nPLAmPFkPPrPNP kPPrPitPO SFUrPq kPPirPnPL F|

ePvhPF kPPdPLYmPFESPFlPA pPOLAoPFbPLA EgPOibPLECPFlP kPPAnPLAwPOArP rPEkPP pPOLHPYtPOmPFAlPA ePlPAkPPArP HPAigPOYsPF EgPOErPpPOLTP-eP F| hPFAwPOsPFnPL wvPOpPOLsPFAgPOirPrP mPFAJPFAmPFAEJPF ePkPP çpPOLAcPFQnPL ëPOlPBZOEmPFitPO ( nPLAmPF lPirPnPLEsPFbPLA Llauirentia ) rPibPLiCPF EHPiSL÷PrP sPFHPYAipPOL¾PPA EHPEBPOnÔPrPìpPOL jPLQHPAåÉP sPFÏPObPL F| jPLQHPAåÉPgOUElP sPFEÏPOtPO hPFibPLiCPF mPFAwvPO×FWvPF Wapta ePHPM mPFAwvPO×FWvPF Field- ePrP mPFDPFzëPOilPrP dLUEWvPF KPAitPO jPLmPFA kPPdPLYmPFESPFlPAbPL F| wvPOpPOLirPrP KPAtPOikPP HPlPA hPFbPL Wallcott quarry aArP nPLQicPFrPEWvPFrP nPLAmPFkPPrPNP hPFibPLiCPF Raymond quarry F| 1981 LçLKPQ-utPO UNESCO HPArP'ugPOsPF kPPdPLYmPFESPFlPAikPP EHPSL÷P 'uhPFErPiWvPFjPL' ëPOilPrP aAKPzA udPLbPL F|

HPArP'ugPOsPF kPPdPLYmPFESPFlPA hPFlP kPPzAmPF`çFHPQbPL %(Cambrian)% yUigPOrP jPLQHPAiåÉPrP sPFHP uTPikPP BPOAilPA dPLElPlP F| 545 uTPikPP 525 EmPFElPbPLnPL HPðsPFrP aAigPO kPPzAmPF`çFHPQbPL eP½P²iÂpPFASPFnPL uTPikPP wvPO«ZFtPO jPLÙUjPLAinPLAbPLAirPrP KPHPrP pPOLAoPFbPLA yPAi©CPF F| ePsPFmPFibPL jPLQHPnPL umPFAWvPFAmFUEWvPF ukPPEÓLçLdPLBZOtPO ECPFlP EHPiSL÷PrP mPFhPFAsPFmFUiædP, BZOEmPF ECPFlP anFUHPYrPA, HPAsPFiyPAgPOzEHPhPFQnPL ePHPM sPFdPLAvhPF ¾PPbPLçpPOLAâPL F| ePDPFrPiNPrP BZOtPOAÀoFüOLQbPL aHPëPOAbPL mPFAiJPF mPFAiJPFvhPF kPPAdPLArP DPFsPF sPFAgPOirP pPOLiwxPF ûuSPFHPAlP çpPOLAcPFQrP (aalgal reef )- ePrP pPOLAiSPF aHPE¾PPâPL hPFbPL F|

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umPFAihPFAirPABPOAvhPFkPP EHPE©CPFnÔPtPOA

aAEHPúPOArP : 1909 LçLKPQêPLA¡P
EHP¸PPAnPLQ : aAEÓLçLdPLjPLA umPFAihPFAirPABPOAvhPFkPP

umPFAihPFAirPABPOAvhPFkPP EHPE©CPFnÔPtPOA (MohorobhaaIk discontinuity) HPA 'imPFAihPFA' HPlPitPO HUJPFAbPL FpOLÖETPHPQrP ñPLkPP ePHPM gOUrPqmPFLÕPLlP (crust and mantle)-ePrP mPFDPFzkPPArP sPFQmPFAirPKPA F| nPLQicPFrP EcPFiÀeOL` lPAlP rPÊPF-ePrP dPLAgPO ªPArPA EcPFEþPFtPO F|

FpOLÖETPHPQrP aÙPOßëPOilP ePvhPF EHPE©CPFnÔPtPOA aAEHPúÖOtPO hPFibPLECPFlP BZO»PpPOLQbPL uWPOLwvPO-ePrP (seismic waves)ªPArPA, 1909 LçLKPQêPLAi¡P ; aAEHPúPOArPkPP uÀePÝAibPLESPFbPLAHPAsPFQ aAEÓLçLdPLjPLA umPFAihPFAirPABPOAvhPFkPP F| BZOkPPÈOLpPOLEHP¸PPAnPLQ F| EtPOEnPL udPLKPilPnPL uyP BZO»PpPOLQbPL uWPOLwvPO-ePrP gPOEtPO EnPLBPOYrPSPFQlP usPFvhPF pPOLdPLAiTPYrP GPLnPLAiÌPOrP wvPOpPOLrP yPArP EBPOtPOrP EdPLibPL usPFWvPFA çpPOLEtPOHPAEhPFtPO hPFi©CPF F|

BZOEHP¸PPAinPL 'EHPE©CPFnÔPtPOA' (discontinuity) SPF¡PEWvPF HPzHPhÖFtPO hPFbPL yPKPnPL ukPPAnPLoPF DPFrPAFpOLÖiîPO BZO»PpPOLQbPL uWPOLwvPO-ePrP gPOEtPO pPOLErPHPEtPOYtPO hPFbPL F| ePmPFnPL ePkPPEWvPF FpOLÖîPO hPFlP sPFmFUædPtPOilPrP gPOiwxPF 8 EkPPilPAEmPFWvPFArP tPOlPAbPLF| aArP ePkPPEWvPF EHPE©CPFnÔPtPOA pPOLiAAbPLA ugPOiCPF mFZlP BZOKPiLÕPLrP tPOlPAbPL- gPOiwxPF çpPOLAbPL 32 EkPP.EmPF. NPQicPF F| eP DPFrPiNPrP BZOFpOLÖîPOikPP HPlPA hPFbPL umPFAihPFAirPABPOAvhPFkPP EHPE©CPFnÔPtPOA HPA sPFMi¾PPipPOL 'imPFAihPFA' F|

SPFÌPOrP usPFinPLrP usPF´jPLinPLz L

( cPFlP``uHP )

(aApPOLnPLArP mPFÙPOHPz jPLAnPLA``unPLArP jPL``unPLz EÂFkPPkPP kPPrPqnPL)