E`HPMSPF SPFtPOA¡PQrP
E`HP¸PPAnPL
E`HPMSPFSPFtPOA¡PQ``utPO
E`HP¸PPA``unPL E`kPPCUF
aAE`HPúPOArP
oPF wvPO«PFAHPnPL ePHPM GPLWvPFnPLA
( 41 )
uHPtPOArP-ujPLzAEtPOEHPYdPLzA
aAEHPúPOArP
: 1930 LçLKPQêPLA¡P
EHP¸PPAnPLQ : kPPAlPY jPLAnPLEãFFkPP
uHPtPOArP-ujPLzAEtPOEHPYdPLzA
(Radio astronomy)
hPFlP nPL¾PPÀeOL`, CPFAbPLApPOLTP vhPFtPOzAEdPL aÙPOrPQ¾PP-HPéUFrP
uTPikPP EnPLgPOYtPO urPEwPOibPLA-kPPÈOLpPOLAÌPOgOUElPrP aDPFzbPLnPL
FF| urPEwPOibPLA-tPOrPËP wvPOðpPOLnÔP hPFbPL ãO÷PABPOAEHPkPPBPOAiHP
EHPdLUzð oPF BZOmPFLÕPLilPrP EHPEBPOnÔP HPéUFrP ªPArPA
aTPHPA mPFnFUXPzkFÖOtPO uyPAgPOAiyPAgPO oPF sPFÈOçpPOLcPFArP
kFÖOðikPP´SPFlP ªPArPA FF|
FpOLÖETPHPQrP mPFiDPFz cPFtUOEdPLYikPP CPFEwxPFibPL rPAKPA hPFibPLiCPF
ainPLkPP urPEwPOibPLA uWvPFElPiãFFkPPApPOL uyPgOUElP sPFAhPFAyPz kPPrPiCPF
nFZtPOnPL nPL¾PPÀeOL` ( ePmPFnPLEkPP uyPgOUElP uTPikPP aAilPA
EnPLgPOYtPO hPFbPLnPLA ) oPF CPFAbPLApPOLTP aAEHPúPOAirP FF| ujPLzAEtPOEHPYdPLzArP
ePvhPF nFZtPOnPL EdPLkPP² dPLSPFYnPL kPPErPibPLiCPFnPL kPPAlPY jPLAnPLEãFFkPP,
EyPEnPL aAKPzAtPO hPFibPLiCPFnPL ' uHPtPOArP-ujPLzAEtPOEHPYdPLzArP jPLnPLkPP
'- EhPFsPFAiHP FF|
1930 LçLKPQêPLAi¡P jPLAnPLEãFFkPP çpPOLTPmPF
udPLKPitPO upPOLilPnPL aÙPOrPQ¾PP-HPéUF ( çpPOLATPEmPFkPPBPOAiHP
CPFAbPLApPOLTP ) uTPikPP EnPLgPOYtPO uHPtPOArP-tPOrPËP FF| pPOLrPHPtPOYQ
pPOLyPYiHP¾PPNPgOUElP aArPoPF kPPibPLkPPEWvPF EHPEBPOnÔP wvPOðsPFikPP
SPFnPLAÀoPLÝ kPPrPilPA FF| ePgOUElPitPO nPL¾PPÀeOL`,
CPFAbPLApPOLTP CPFAwxPFA aArPoPF EkPPCUF HPéUF pPOLAoPFbPLA ugPOlP
uyPmPFnPL, uHPtPOArP-tPOArPkPPAFpOLUÑP (radio
galaxies), ukPPAbPLAsPFArP (quasars),
pPOLAlPsPFArP (pulsars)
ePHPM umPFsPFArP (mesars)
FF| mPFhPFAjPLAgPOEtPOkPP mPFAvhPFiÀePÝAoPFibPLBPO ãO÷PABPOAEHPkPP
EHPEkPPrPNP (cosmic microwave
background radiation)- ePrP aAEHPúPOArP ( yPA' pPOLrPHPtPOYQkPPAilP
Big Bang-ePrP akPPAWvPFz
çpPOLmPFANP EdPLibPLECPFlP), uHPtPOArP-ujPLzAEtPOEHPYdPLzA ªPArPA
sPFÈOLpPOLnÔP hPFibPLECPFlP FF|
( 42 )
aADFUEnPLkPP EHPHPtPOYnPLQyP sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP
sPFmPFbPLkPPAlP
: 1918 uTPikPP 1932 ePHPM 1936 uTPikPP 1942 LçLKPQéPFA¡P
EHP¸PPAnPLQ : urPAnPLAÃOOwOP EfPOSPFArP, ujPL.EHP.ePsPF. ßlPiwPOnPL
ePHPM anPLzAinPLzrPA FF|
1918 uTPikPP 1932 LçLKPQêPLAi¡PrP mPFiDPFz HPMSPFgPOEtPO EHP¸PPAinPL gPOiHPXPNPArP sPFmPFAirPAihPF EHPFpOLUlP wvPOðsPFAihPFrP sPFÏPOArP hPFibPLECPFlP tPOArP uTPikPP uHPEwxPFibPL ePilPA uyP, umPFiLÕPLElPbPLAnPL HPMSPFgPOEtPO tPOÀoFüOL çpPOLAkFÖOEtPOkPP EnPLHPYAcPFnPL (natural selection) ePHPM ÀePÝmPF-EHPHPtPOYnPL ( gradual evolution )- ePikPP apPOLirPrP sPFiËP sPFAmPFÑPsPFzFpOLZNPY FF| 1936 uTPikPP 1947 LçLKPQãOFWvPFAi¡PrP mPFiDPFz ePvhPF sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP ePkPPWvPFA sPFEÈOLÉPElPtPO BPOAHPDPFArPArP sFÖEêPL kPPrPilPA EHPHPtPOYinPLrP gPOEtPOçpPOLkFÖOEtPO EHPXPibPL FF| sFÖEêPL hPFlP ' aADFUEnPLkPP EHPHPtPOYnPLQyP sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP ' ( modern evolutionary synthesis) yPA' çpPOLdPLAnPL kPPrPilPA EHPHPtPOYinPLrP ePkPP HPhUF ãO÷PQkFÖOtPO kPPArPNP FF| ePvhPF sPFmPFÓ÷OLbPL HPtPOYmPFAinPL HPhUFlPAMiSPF EHPHPtPOYnPLQyP jPLQHPEHPdPLzArP aAdPLSPFY FF|
pPOLrPQ¾PPAmFZlPkPP jPLQHPEHP¸PPAnPL
ePHPM EHPHPtPOYinPLrP mPFiDPFz ePHPM ePkPPvhPFBPOAiHP umPFiLÕPLlPQbPL
ujPLinPLEWvPFkPP-tPOÀoFüOL, çpPOLAkFÖOEtPOkPP EnPLHPYAcPFnPL
ePHPM wvPOÀoP`LrPAEDPFkPPArP EHPXPibPL uÀePÝAimPFAijPLAmPF-tPOÀoFüOL
(chromosome theory )-ePrP
mPFiDPFz ePkPPEWvPF gOUrPqtPOrP uyPAgPOsFZÀeOL` ePisPFECPFlP WvPFmPFAsPF
mPFrPgPOAinPLrP fruit flyDrosophila
melanogaster wvPOpPOLrP gPOiHPXPNPA uTPikPP FF| wvPOÀoP`LrPAEDPFkPPArP
EHPXPibPL EtPOEnPL oPF tPOÿArP sPFhPFkPPmPFYQrPA umPFiLÕPLlPQbPL
uÀePÝAimPFAijPLAmPF-tPOÀoFüOL HPzÀoPLÝ
kPPirPnPL 1915 LçLKPQ-utPO tPOÿAidPLrP gPOiHPXPNPApPOLÀeOL`
The
Mechanism of Mendelian inheritance-ePrP mPFDPFz EdPLibPL FF| ePsPFmPFibPL
HPhUF jPLQHPEHP¸PPAnPLQvhPF uÀePÝAimPFAijPLAimPFrP mPFiDPFz
jPLQinPLrP aEéPFñPL ãO÷PQkPPArP kPPirP EnPLibPLiCPFnPL,
tPOiHP EkPPBPOAiHP ePEWvPF çpPOLAkFÖOEtPOkPP EnPLHPYAcPFnPL oPF
ÀePÝEmPFkPP EHPHPtPOYinPLrP sPFiËP sFUsPFËPtPO tPOA'
pPOLErPúPOArP hPFbPLEnPL FF|
çpPOLSLÔPEWvPFrP aAMESPFkPP sPFmPFADPFAnPL EdPLilPnPL urPAnPLAÃOOwOP
EfPOSPFArP 1918 LçLKPQ-utPO tPOÿArP gPOiHPXPNPApPOLÀeOL`
The Correlation Between
Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance-ePrP mPFDPFz
EdPLibPL FF| EfPOSPFArP EdPLibPLECPFilPnPL umPFiLÕPLElPbPLQbPL wvPOÀoP`LrPAEDPFkPPArP
tPOiÀoFüOLrP ePkPPEWvPF dLÖWLxPO pPOLAErPsPFAMEKPzkPP mPFiwPOlP
yPA umPFiLÕPLlPQbPL oPF jPLQHPEmPFEtPO (biometric)-
dLUEWvPF DPFArPAikPPvhPF sPFÙUOêPL kPPirPECPFlP FF| ePvhPF pPOLÀeOL`EWvPFikPP
ainPLkPP sPFmPFbPL HPlPA hPFbPL sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP-tPOiÀoFüOLrP
çpPOLTPmPF DPFApPOL FF|
mPFrPgPOAinPLrP CPFAÀeOL`
Theodosius Dobzhansky
çpPOLTPmPF çpPOLibPLAgPO kPPrPilPnPL mPFrPgPOAinPLrP uÀePÝAimPFAijPLAmPF
tPOÀoFüOL ePHPM sPFME`ÂLSPFêPL jPLnPLsPFmPFEêPLrP
HPMSPFgPOEtPO-EHP¸PPAnPLikPP çpPOLAkFÖOEtPOkPP jPLQHPgOUElPrP
jPLnPLsPFMKPzA EnPLNPYibPL, EHPiSPFXPBPOAiHP Drosophila
pseudoobscuraFF| 1937 LçLKPQ-utPO tPOAÿrP ulPKPA Genetics
and the Origin of Species-ukPP gPONPz kPPrPA hPFbPL neo-Darwinism-
ePrP çpPOLTPmPF FpOLUnPLYAËP kPPAjPL FF|
umPFiLÕPLilPrP kPPAijPLrP ePvhPF nPLHP-aAEHPúPOArP sFÖEêPL
kPPrPilPA wPOArPwvPOvhPFinPLrP aEBPOHPzEÀoPLÝ HPAdPL tPOiÀoFüOLrP
ePkPPdPLlP sPFmPFAilPAcPFkPP (Bateson,
deVries oPF anPLzAinPLzrPA) yPArPA EHPSL÷PAsPF kPPrPitPOnPL
uyP jPLnPLçpPOLEtPO EHPE©CPFnÔP EHPiSPFXPiñPLrP EHPiBPOdPLgOUElP
wPOArPwvPOvhPFinPLrP HPAhPFzsPFÀoP`LArP DPFQrPgPOEtPO pPOLErPHPtPOYinPLrP
sPFiËP KPApPOL KPAbPLnPLA FF| EcPFÙPOAnPLAbPLkPPidPLrP aArP ePkPPEWvPF
çLgPFqpPOL, yPArPA EHPMSPF SPFtPOA¡PQrP çpPOLTPmPF dLUvhPF
dPLSPFikPP aAEHPBUOYtPO hPFibPLECPFilPnPL jPLQHPEmPFEtPO (biometrics)-ukPP
ukPPÓLçLdPL kPPirP yPTPA, (Karl
Pearson, Francis Galton% oPF anPLzAinPLzrPA ) umPFiLÕPLlPHPAdPLQidPLrP
EHPrPqªPìtPOA kPPrPitPOnPL FF| ePrPA tPOTPAkPPETPtPO pPOLErPmPFAnPL¸PPApPOLkPP
lP¾PPNPgOUElPikPP aDPFzbPLnPL kPPrPECPFilPnPL pPOLAErPsPFAMEKPzkPP
pPOLªPìEtPOrP ªPArPA, DPFirP EnPLibPL uyP, lP¾PPNPgOUElPrP
wvPOpPOLrP jPLQinPLrP EÀePÝbPLA KLUHPvhPF sPFAmPFAnPLz FF| ePvhPF
mPFtPOEHPirPADPF umPFWvPFAilPnPL EfPOSPFArP (1918 LçLKPQ) EyPEnPL udPLKPAilPnPL
uyP umPFiLÕPLilPrP wvPOÀoP`LrPAEDPFkPPArP tPOÀoFüOL
ePHPM HPAhPFzsPFÀoP`LArP ÀePÝEmPFkPP pPOLErPHPtPOYnPL
ePkPP nPLbPL FF| pPOLrPHPtPOYQ dLU'-dPLSPFikPP EfPOSPFArP, ujPL.EHP.ePsPF.hPFlPiwPOnPL
ePHPM usPFoPFbPLAlP rPAvhPFWvPF-sPFhPF ainPLzrPA gPOENPitPOrP sPFAhPFAiyPz
jPLQnPL-tPOÀoFüOL oPF wPOArPwvPOvhPFinPLrP EHPHPtPOYnPLHPAdPL-ePvhPF
dLU'-ePrP sPFmPFÓ÷OLbPL udPLKPAilPnPL yPArP ªPArPA aADFUEnPLkPP
sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP (modern
synthesis)-tPOiÀoFüOLrP pPOLTP sFUgPOmPF hPFlP FF|
' aADFUEnPLkPP EHPHPtPOYnPLQyP sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP ' (modern
evolutionary synthesis)-ukPP aArPoPF kPPibPLkPPEWvPF nPLAimPF aEBPOEhPFtPO
kPPrPA hPFbPL yPTPA, nFZtPOnPL sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP (the
new synthesis), aADFUEnPLkPP sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP (the
modern synthesis), EHPHPtPOYnPLQbPL sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP (the
evolutionary synthesis), SPFtPOA¡PQrP sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPnPL
(millennium synthesis)
ePHPM nPLHP-wPOArPwvPOvhPFnPL sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPNP (neo-Darwinian
synthesis)|
aADFUEnPLkPP sPFMi`ÂLSPFXPnPL kPPTPAEWvPF çpPOLTPmPF HPzHPhPFArP
kPPirPnPL Julian Huxley
tPOÿArP ulPKPA FpOLUéPFikPP- Evolution:
The Modern Synthesis|
SPFÌPOrP usPFnP L
( cPFlP``uHP )
(aApPOLnPLArP mPFÙPOHPz
jPLAnPLA``unPLArP jPL``unPLz EÂFkPPkPP
kPPrPqnPL)
Copyright © 2007 Abasar.net. All rights reserved.
