aAcPFAyPYz sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP
iHPAsPF (1894 iTPikPP
1974
LçLKPQêPLFA¡P)
ikPPAbPLA×FWvPFAmPF
tPOiÀoFüOL, EHPiSPFXPtPOß ÂpPFzAiÌPOrP kFÖOXOLÎHPéUFrP
EHPEkPPrPiNPrP oPFpPOLrP sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLAiTPrP gPOiHPXPNPA
atPOzÙPO mFZlPzHPAnPL| kPPlPkPPAtPOA EHPSL÷PEHPdPLzAlPibPL 
pPOLVPFnPL-pPOLAVPFnPL
iSPFXP kPPirP eýKPAinPLvhPF ePkPP HPCPFrP (1916 sPFAlP) pPOLwxPFAnPL|
tPOArPpPOLrP 1921 sPFAlP iTPikPP 1945 sPFAlP WPOLAkPPA EHPSL÷PEHPdPLzAlPibPL
aDPFzApPOLnPLArP pPOLrP kPPlPkPPAtPOA EHPSL÷PEHPdPLzAlPibPL EfPOirP
aAisPFnPL|
1905 sPFAilP EHPSL÷PKPzAtPO ûiHP¸PPAEnPLkPP aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFnPL tPOÿArP çpPOLTPmPF çpPOLHPiÓ÷Pì aAilPArP ûiªPtPOcPFErPÀeOL` (kPPNPA oPF tPOrPËP) çpPOLEtPOîPOA kPPrPilPnPL| EnPLwvPOWvPFnPL oPF hPFAvhPFigPOinPLrP DPFArPNPA yPA aAigPO pPOLrPãPOpPOLrP EHPirPADPFQ mPFinPL hPFibPLECPFlP tPOArPA wvPOBPOibPLvhPF çpPOLEtPOîPOA ipPOLlP| sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP ÂpPFzAiÌPOrP kFÖOXOLÎHPéUF EHPEkPPrPiNPrP fPOrPmFZlPArP nPLtUOnPL çpPOLmPFANP dPLAEKPlP kPPrPilPnPL tPOÿArP ePkPP çpPOLHPiÓ÷PìrP mPFADPFzimPF- Planck’s law and the hypothesis of light quanta| çpPOLHPÓ÷PìEWvPF EtPOEnPL ElPEKPtPO aAkPPAirP aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFinPLrP kPPAiCPF pPOLAVPFAnPL 1924 sPFAilP| EcPFEVPFitPO EtPOEnPL ElPKPilPnPL:
Respected Sir, I have ventured to send you the accompanying
article for your perusal and opinion. You will see that I have
tried to deduce the coefficient- in Planck’s law independent
of classical electrodynamics.
[mPFAnPLnPLQbPL mPFhPFASPFbPL, sPFiËPrP ilPKPAEWvPF aApPOLnPLArP mPFtPOAmPFitPOrP jPLnPLz pPOLAVPFAlPAmPF| aApPOLEnPL idPLKPitPO pPOLAiHPnPL iyP aAEmPF çpPOLcPFElPtPO pPOLAErPsPFAMEKPzkPP pPOLªPìEtPO CPFAwxPFAvhPF ÂpPFzAÌPO-sFZiÀeOL`rP gOUNPkPP EnPLNPYbPL kPPrPArP icPFêPLA kPPirPECPF|]
ePvhPF çpPOLHPiÓ÷Pì sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP EHPEkPPrPNPikPP ePmPFnPL ePkPP DPFrPiNPrP gPOzAisPFrP mPFtPO BPOAHPilPnPL yPA ifPOAWvPFnPL EdPLibPL FpOLZNPY| kFÖOXOLÎHPéUF EHPEkPPrPNP EtPOEnPL ePkPP nPLtUOnPL dLÖEêPLikPPANP iTPikPP HPzAKPzA kPPrPilPnPL yPA çpPOLcPFElPtPO pPOLAErPsPFAMEKPzkPP pPOLªPìEtPOrP iTPikPP tPOfPOAð| iHPAlPjPL²mPFzAinPLrP pPOLAErPsPFAMEKPzkPP HPlPEHPdPLzAbPL çpPOLitPOzkPP aNUidPLrP EnPLjPLãO÷P pPOLErPcPFbPL TPAkPPAbPL aAlPAdPLABPOAHP EcPFEþPFtPO kPPrPA yPAbPL| anPLzEdPLikPP sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLAiTPrP aAilPAkPPkPPNPArPA ePikPP apPOLirPrP iTPikPP aEBPOnÔP| ePkPP aNUrP ëPOAinPL anPLz aNU HPsPFAilP nPLtUOnPL ikPPAnPLoPF EHPnPLzAsPF pPOLAoPFbPLA yPAiHP nPLA|
kFÖOXOLÎHPéUF EHPEkPPrPNP fPOrPmFZlPArP nPLtUOnPL çpPOLmPFANP ipPOLibPL aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFnPL tPOð¾PPNPAð HUJPFitPO pPOLArPilPnPL iyP sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP aAilPA-kPPENPkPPA tPOiÀoFüOLrP ePkPPEWvPF EHPrPìpPOL mPFtPOHPAdPLikPP KPLÕPLnPL kPPrPitPO ipPOLirPiCPFnPL| EtPOEnPL wvPOðsPFAihPFrP sPFiËP EnPLHPÓ÷PìEWvPF jPLAmPFYAnPL-BPOAXPAbPL anFUHPAdPL kPPirP Zeitschrift fur Physik nPLAimPF EHPKPzAtPO jPLAmPFYAnPL pPOLEÀeOL`kPPAbPL pPOLAEVPFibPL EdPLilPnPL çpPOLSPFMsPFA-pPOLÀeOL` sPFhPF|
pPOLAErPsPFAMEKPzkPP HPlPEHPdPLzArP oPFpPOLrP sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP iHPAisPFrP gPOiHPXPNPA pPOLdPLATPYEHPdPLzAbPL ePkPP nPLtUOnPL aDPFzAibPLrP sFZcPFnPLA kPPrPilPA| iHPAisPFrP gPOiHPXPNPArP oPFpPOLrP EBPOEÀoP`L kPPirP aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFnPL ePkPPEWvPF çpPOLHPÓ÷Pì rPcPFnPLA kPPrPilPnPL| jPLÓOLÉP EnPLlP iHPAsPF-aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFnPL sPFMKPzAbPLnPL (Bose-Einstein statistics)| pPOLrPHPÀoP`LYQkPPAilP EwPOrPAkPP iyP sPFHP pPOLdPLAiTPYrP cPFErPÀeOL` ePvhPF sPFMKPzAbPLnPL ªPArPA EHPi`ÂLSPFXPNP kPPrPA yPAbPL tPOArP nPLAmPF EdPLilPnPL iHPAsPFnPL (Boson)| iHPAsPF oPF aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFnPL ePrP pPOLrP yU±OLÉPBPOAiHP iHPSPF EkPPCUF gPOiHPXPNPApPOLÀeOL` ilPiKPnPL| tPOÿArPA idPLKPAilPnPL, yPEdPL iHPAsPFnPL-kPPNPAgOUElPikPP sPFEÓOLÉPElPtPO BPOAiHP ePmPFnPL VPFALÕPLA kPPrPA yPAbPL iyP çpPOLEtPOEWvPF kPPNPA tPOArP EnPLmÔ`OLtPOmPF ikPPAbPLAÓFWvPFAmPF SPFEÀoPLÝitPO ipPOL´ÿCPFAbPL, tPOiHP iHPAsPF-aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFnPL gPOAWLxPO-pPOLdPLATPY (condensate) sFÖêPL hPFiHP| ePvhPF aHPëPOAbPL kPPNPAgOUElP tPOAidPLrP EnPLjPLãO÷P DPFmPFY hPFAErPibPL EmPFElPtPOBPOAiHP ePkPP çpPOLkFÖOtPO pPOLdPLAiTPYrP ãO÷PrPìpPOL pPOLAiHP|
ePrPpPOLrP 1924 sPFAilPvhPF sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP vhPFwvPOirPAipPOL yPAnPL ePHPM mPFAdPLAmPF kFUOrPQrP sPFiËP idPLKPA kPPirP tPOÿArP gPOiHPXPNPAgPOAirP EkPPCUFkPPAlP itPOjPLEãFíPLïLbPLtPOA EHPXPibPL gPOiHPXPNPA kPPirPnPL| pPOLzArPQitPO TPAkPPAkPPAlPQnPL iHPAsPF KPzAtPOnPLAmPFA pPOLdPLATPYEHP¸PPAnPLQ dPLz i`çFHPAEÂLgPFrP sPFiËP eP½P-rPEåÉP EnPLibPL gPOiHPXPNPA kPPirPECPFilPnPL| KPzAtPOnPLAmPFA pPOLdPLATPYEHP¸PPAnPLQ lPAjPLÿBPOArP sPFiËPoPF tPOÿArP GPLEnPLêPL pPOLErPcPFbPL hPFbPL| pPOLirP aAvhPFnPLãOFWvPFAvhPFinPLrP kPPACPF iTPikPP aAmPFÓFíPLNP ipPOLibPL tPOÿArP sPFiËPoPF gPOiHPXPNPA kPPirPECPFilPnPL iHPAsPF| HPAElPYinPL ainPLkPP EHPKPzAtPO EHP¸PPAnPLQrP sPFMãPOpPOLiSPFY aAisPFnPL sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP| HPAElPYinPLrP EHP¸PPAnPLQidPLrP aAilPAcPFnPLA-cPFiÀePÝrP sPFdPLsPFz hPFibPL ECPFilPnPL EtPOEnPL|
"sPFitPOzÓLçLdPLnPLATP BPOArPtPO tPOTPA EHPiSL÷PrP pPOLdPLATPY EHP¸PPAinPLrP jPLgPOitPO EnPLßsPFiÓOdPihPF ePkPP EHPrPAWvPF HPzEÀoPLÝñPL| sPFArPlPz, sFUgPOBPOQrP aÙPOrPdLÖEêPL, CPFAÀeOL`HPAðsPFlPz, ãO÷PidPLSPFiçpPOLmPF" ePvhPF EHP¸PPAnPLQikPP sPFkPPilPrP EçpPOLbPL kPPirP tUOilPECPFlP|
sPFhPFAEbPLkPPA:
EHPMSPFSPFtPOA¡PQrP
pPOLdPLATPYEHPdPLzA oPF HPzEÀoPLÝñPL - wPOß SPFÌPOrP
isPFnPLgOUâPL, iHPãOFWvPF HUkPP²sPF, kPPlPkPPAtPOA|
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