rPAgPO sPFËPQtPO çpPOLiHPESPFkPPA

FpOLUiäOpPFÓOdLU mFUiKPApPOLADPFzAbPL*

ainPLikPPvhPF HPilPnPL `ÂFkPPAEsPFkPPzAlP gPOAinPLrP HPzApPOLArPgOUilPA HUJPFitPOvhPF pPOLAErPnPLA, ePHPM dPLAHPQ kPPirPnPL ePvhPF jPLnPLzvhPF BPOAilPA lPAigPOnPLA| EkPPÙUO tPOÿArPAvhPF hPFbPLitPOA VUFMErP HPA dPLAdPLrPA HPA rPAgPOA`çLSPFbPLQ gPOjPLlP SFUinPL tPOAErPfPO kPPirPnPL| aAsPFilP gPOAnPL, EHPiSPFXP kPPirP mPFAgPOY sPFËPQtPO EVPFkPP iHPAJPFArP EHPXPbPL nPLbPL, anFUBPOiHPrP EHPXPbPL, ePkPPAEòPkPPrPiNPrP HPzApPOLArP|

VPFAkFUOrP rPAmPFkFÖOXOLÎ HPilPiCPFnPL, "ePkPPWvPFA aAmPF iKPilP mPFAitPOAbPLArPA hPFibPL yPAvhPF, itPOA HPAHUrP HPAgPOAinPL kPPWvPFA gPOACPF, HPCPFirP kPPHPArP fPOlP idPLbPL isPF KPHPirP kPPQ dPLrPkPPArP?"
kPPTPAWvPFA ePkPP EdPLkPP EdPLibPL EVPFkPP| EkPPÙUO ePWvPFAoPF EVPFkPP iyP sPFHP rPkPPimPFrP aAmPF ePkPPvhPF BPOAiHP KPAoPFbPLA yPAbPL nPLA| ePkPPrPkPPimPFrP aAmPF aAiCPF (jPLAEnPLnPLA ePKPnPLoPF isPF aAmPF mFUESPFYdPLAHPAidPL pPOLAoPFbPLA yPAbPL EkPP nPLA) dPLSPF HPAirPA GPL×FWvPFA jPLilP EBPOEjPLibPL irPiKP mPFAJPF rPAitPO tUOilPArP wvPOpPOLrP irPiKP kPPAWvPFilP tPOiHP tPOArP sPFiHPAYÀoP`LmPF ãO÷PAdPL pPOLAoPFbPLA yPAbPL|
kPPEHPgOUrPq HPilPiCPFnPL,
"ePkPPAkPPQ gPOAbPLikPPrP nPLihPFikPPA gPOAnPL, gPOAEhPFitPO hPFiHP dLUvhPFjPLinPL|
ePkPPjPLnPLA gPOAiHP CPFAEwxPFbPLA gPOlPA, aArPjPLnPLA gPOAiHP mPFinPL|"

wvPOéPFAdPL gPOAvhPFiCPFnPL gPOlPA iCPFiwxPF, sPFAmPFinPL HPsPFA (ePmPFnPL EkPP hPFilPrP HPAvhPFirP dPLÿAEwxPFibPL) i`çLSPFAtPOA ePkPPAòP hPFibPL mPFATPA dLUElPibPL tPOAErPfPO kPPirP SFUnPLiCPFnPL, kPPKPnPLoPF sPFhPFiXPY HPAhPFHPA EdPLi©CPFnPL| ePnPLArPA sPFHPAvhPF kPPEHPgOUrPqrP kPPETPtPO isPFvhPF aArPjPLnPLA|

tPOiHP eP kPPTPAoPF EVPFkPP iyP gPOBPOQrP BPOAiHP rPsPF çLgPFhPFNP kPPrPitPO mPFAgPOY sPFËPQitPOrP EkPPCUF EkPPCUF EHPXPiyPrP pPOLErPEcPFEtPO TPAkPPilP rPsPFçLgPFhPFNPWvPFA çpPOLgPOAWLxPO hPFbPL| aAEmPF mPFAgPOYsPFËPQtPO KLUHP wvPOpPOLiBPOAgPO kPPErP| EkPPÙUO tPOArP mPFAinPL ePvhPF nPLbPL iyP tPOArP sPFHP aEÓ÷Pì-sPFEÓ÷Pì aAmPFArP kPPrPAbPLÀoP`L| EHPSL÷PAsPF kPPrPqnPL, ePvhPF mFUhZFitPOY iyP aApPOLEnPL HPisPF ePvhPF ilPKPAWvPFA dPLbPLA kPPirP pPOLwxPFiCPFnPL, isPFvhPF aApPOLEnPL BPOArPtPOQbPL rPAgPO sPFËPQtPO sPFÈ÷PiÓ÷Pì aAmPFArP icPFibPL EkPPCUF kPPmPF jPLAinPLnPL nPLA, hPFbPLtPO iHPSPFQvhPF jPLAinPLnPL| aAmPFArP ilPKPA pPOLiwxPF iHPSPF EkPPCUF BUOlP HPArP kPPirP ifPOlPiHPnPL| aAmPFArP BUOlP DPFErPibPL EdPLilP aAmPFArP wvPOpPOLkPPArPvhPF hPFiHP| tPOA hPFilP cPFlUnPL BPOArPtPOQbPL rPAgPO sPFËPQitPOrP wvPOdPLzAinPL ePkPPWvUF GFUirP GFUirP EkPPCUF EkPPCUF pPOLErPEcPFEtPO EnPLvhPF|

ãO÷PrP (HPA sFUrP) ePHPM sPFâPLkPP:

çpPOLTPimPF idPLEKP sPFâPLkPP HPzApPOLArPWvPFA EkPP? aAmPFlPEkPPrP rPAjPLA gOUpPOLQikPP çpPOLSLÔP kPPirPECPFlP - sPFâPLkPP jPLAnPLA aAiCPF?
ePkPPjPLnPL pPOLAErPXPdPL HUEJPFibPL EdPLlP sPFâPLkPP mPFAinPL sPFAtPO sFUrP| tPOA hPFilP jPLAnPLA igPOlP ãO÷PrP HPA sFUrP mFZilP sPFAtPOWvPFA| kPPTPAWvPFA EVPFkPP, tPOiHP EkPPCUFWvPFA pPOLyPYÙPO|
sPFAtPO ãO÷PrP HPlPitPO ePKPAinPL mFZlP HPA SFUªPì sPFAtPOEWvPF ãO÷PirPrP kPPTPA HPlPA hPFbPL yPA EnPLibPL ePkPPEWvPF sPFâPLkPP| ePvhPF sPFAtPOEWvPF SFUªPì ãO÷PrP hPFlP yPTPAÀePÝimPF - sPFA, irP, gPOA, mPFA, pPOLA, DPFA ePHPM EnPL| ePidPLrP sPFËPQtPOSPFAãFíPLgPOtPO nPLAmPF nPLQicPF idPLbPLA hPFlP -

sPFA = XPwxPFjPL
irP = RXPBPO
gPOA = gPOAÓ÷PìArP
mPFA = mPFDPFzmPF
pPOLA = pPOLÏPOmPF
DPFA = ûiDPFHPtPO
EnPL = EnPLXPAdPL

ePHPAirP ePkPPEWvPF hPFArPmPFEnPLbPLmPF ijPLAgPOAwxPF kPPirP HPsFUnPL| lP¾PP kPPirP idPLKPiHPnPL iyP pPOLrP pPOLrP sPFAdPLA rPiÊPFrP rPQwPO ( Reed) HPsPFAnPL| mPFAiJPF mPFAiJPF kPPAilPA rPiÊPFrP rPQwPO| ePKPnPL kPPAilPA rPQwPOgOUElPrP kPPTPA BUOilP yPAnPL EkPPCUF sPFmPFibPLrP jPLnPLz| HPAmPF EdPLkPP iTPikPP aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPOEWvPF EWvPFFpOLUnPL (bellow cPFAlPAitPO BUOlPiHPnPL nPLA)| iyP ãO÷PrPWvPFA iHPrPqlP isPFvhPFEWvPF hPFlP - sPFA| ePvhPFrPkPPmPF BPOAiHP pPOLrPpPOLrP sPFAdPLA rPQwPOgOUElP HPAEjPLibPL igPOilP yPTPAÀePÝimPF sPFA iTPikPP EnPL ãO÷PrPgOUElP HPAjPLiHP aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP iTPikPP icPF´öP nPLÈ÷PrP pPOLyPYÙPO| pPOLinPLrP nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPOEWvPF EWvPFpPOLilP SFUnPLiHPnPL iyP ãO÷PrPEWvPF iHPrPqlP tPOA iyPnPL isPFvhPF aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQiwPOrP - sPFA, tPOiHP wvPOÿcUF- itPO| EVPFkPP iyPmPFnPL aApPOLEnPL HPAwxPFQrP EsPFÿEwxPF EdPLibPL dLUtPOlPAbPL wvPOVPFilP dLÖSPFzWvPFA ePkPPvhPF idPLKPitPO pPOLAnPL, tPOiHP ePkPPWvUF wvPOpPOLrP iTPikPP| ePvhPF wvPOpPOLirPrP HPA cPFwxPFArP sPFA mPFAinPL pPOLrPHPtPOYQ sPFâPLkPP SFUrPq hPFlP| ePvhPF sPFâPLkPPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA tPOArP sPFâPLkPP HPA tPOArPA HPlPHP| yPEdPL aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPO iTPikPP HPAmPF EdPLikPP pPOLrP pPOLrP sPFAdPLA rPQwPOgOUElP HPAEjPLibPL HPAmPF EdPLikPP iyPitPO TPAikPPnPL, aApPOLEnPL aAHPArP EnPL iTPikPP DPFAipPOL DPFAipPOL nPLQicPFrP sPFA- itPO ipPOL´ÿiCPF yPAiHPnPL| ePvhPF sPFAtPO ãO÷PirPrP sPFâPLkPPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA mPFÓLçLdPL sPFâPLkPP HPA wvPOdPLArPA HPlPHP| aArP iyP sPFâPLkPP EdPLibPL (aTPYAð aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPO iTPikPP) SFUrPq kPPirPECPFlPAmPF isPFEWvPFikPP HPlPHP mPFDPFz sPFâPLkPP HPA mFUdPLArPA |

tPOA aAmPFrPA jPLAnPLlPAmPF iyP ePkPPEWvPF sPFâPLikPP sPFAtPOEWvPF SFUªPì HPA mFZlP ãO÷PrP| oPF hPFÿzA, aAmPFrPA itPOA isPFvhPF kPPAilPA rPQwPOgOUElPrP kPPTPA BUOilPvhPF EgPOibPLECPFlPAmPF| ePkPP kPPAjPL kPPrPqnPL, sPFAdPLA rPQwPOgOUElPitPO, aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPO iTPikPP, sPFA, irP, gPOA vhPFtPOzAEdPL ElPiKP ifPOlUnPL| wPOWvPF ipPOLinPLrP ilPKPA, pPOLirP mFUiCPF EdPLilPvhPF hPFiHP| sPFA (sPFAdPLA rPQwPO) aArP irP ePvhPF dLUEWvPF rPQiwPOrP mPFiDPFz iyP kPPAilPA rPQwPOEWvPF aAiCPF, isPFvhPFEWvPF HPAjPLAilP idPLKPiHPnPL iyP ãO÷PrP iHPrPqlP, isPFEWvPF irP- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL cPFApPOLA aAHPArP sPFA- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL wvPOÿcUF| ePvhPF ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA ikPPAmPFlP irP HPlPHP| ePrP pPOLirPrP kPPAilPA rPQwPOEWvPFrP ãO÷PrP SFUªPì irP- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL wvPOÿcUF aAHPArP gPOA- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL cPFApPOLA| ePvhPF ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA ikPPAmPFlP gPOA HPlPHP| tÖOtPOQbPL kPPAilPA rPQiwPOrP ãO÷PrP idPLKPiHPnPL (mPFinPL SFUnPLiHPnPL) sPFAdPLA rPQiwPOrP mPFA- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL wvPOÿcUF (tPOQ`çFHP) aAHPArP sPFAdPLA rPQiwPOrP pPOLA- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL nPLQcUF| ePvhPF kPPAilPA rPQiwPOrP ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA tPOQ`çFHP mPFA aTPHPA kPPEwxPF mPFA HPlPHP| sPFAdPLA pPOLA- rP rPQiwPOrP pPOLirPvhPF iyP kPPAilPA rPQwPO aAiCPF isPFEWvPFrP ãO÷PrPikPP HPlPHP ikPPAmPFlP DPFA| ePrP pPOLirPrP kPPAilPA rPQiwPOrP ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP HPlPHP ikPPAmPFlP EnPL|
tPOAhPFilP idPLKPA igPOlP ePkPPEWvPF sPFâPLikPP sPFAtPOEWvPF SFUªPì ãO÷PrP, cPFArPEWvPF ikPPAmPFlP ãO÷PrP ePHPM ePkPPEWvPF tPOQ`çFHP ãO÷PrP| HPAirPAEWvPF ãO÷PrP hPFArPimPFAEnPLbPLimPF ePvhPF BPOAiHP pPOLrP pPOLrP sPFAjPLAnPL aAiCPF:

rPQwPO ãO÷PrP ElPEpPOLEcPFhPÝ
sPFAdPLA sPFA sPF
kPPAilPA irP (ikPPAmPFlP) R
sPFAdPLA irP (SFUªPì) rP
kPPAilPA gPOA (ikPPAmPFlP) ¸PP
sPFAdPLA gPOA (SFUªPì) gPO
sPFAdPLA mPFA (SFUªPì) mPF
kPPAilPA mPFA (tPOQ`çFHP) ³PF
sPFAdPLA pPOLA pPOL
kPPAilPA DPFA (ikPPAmPFlP) dPL
sPFAdPLA DPFA (SFUªPì) DPF
kPPAilPA EnPL (ikPPAmPFlP) NP
sPFAdPLA EnPL (SFUªPì) nPL

ePkPPEWvPF HPzApPOLArP ePKPAinPL idPLKPA yPAi©CPF iyP sPFA ePHPM pPOLA ePvhPF dLUEWvPF ãO÷PirPrP ikPPAnPLoPF EHPcUFzEtPO inPLvhPF| ePvhPF dLUEWvPF ãO÷PrPikPP aAmPFrPA acPFlP ãO÷PrP HPlPHP| sPFADPFArPNP BPOAiHP wvPOpPOLirPrP ãO÷PrPgOUElPikPP mPFDPFz sPFâPLikPPrP DPFrPitPO hPFiHP| EnPL (SFUªPì)- ePrP wvPOpPOLirPrP ãO÷PrPEWvPF aAHPArP sPFA, tPOiHP tPOArP sPFâPLikPPrP| ilPKPArP sPFmPFbPL ElPKPHP sPF*| ePvhPF BPOAiHP pPOLrP pPOLrP ãO÷PrPgOUElP * HPEsPFibPL ilPKPA hPFiHP| aAHPArP mPFDPFz sPFâPLikPPrP SFUrPqitPO iyP sPFA aAiCPF, tPOArP nPLQicPFrP ãO÷PrPEWvPF EnPL (SFUªPì) tPOiHP mPFÓLçLdPL sPFâPLikPPrP| ilPKPArP sPFmPFbPL ElPKPHP nPL#|

aAjPLikPPrP pPOLErPEcPFEtPO ePvhPF pPOLyPYÙPO|

pPOLirPrP aMiSPFrP jPLnPLz idPLKLUnPL: rPAgPO sPFËPQtPO çpPOLiHPESPFkPPA (2)

*FpOLUiäOpPFÓOdLU mFUiKPApPOLADPFzAbP: 1961 sPFAilP EHP.vhPF. kPPilPjPL iTPikPP EsPFEBPOlP vhPFEÑPEnPLbPLAErPM-eP EwPOçLgPFQ pPOLAHPArP pPOLrP kPPmPFYjPLQHPinPLrP FpOLUirPAWvPFAvhPF ikPPiWvPFiCPF ijPLsPFpPOL ikPPAÈOLpPOLAnPLQ aArP ePkPPEWvPF HÖEWvPFSPF ikPPAÈOLpPOLAnPLQrP BPOArPtPOQbPL SPFAKPAbPL| çpPOLTPAgPOtPO BPOAiHP gPOAnPL ESPFiKPiCPFnPL HPCPFrP pPOLÿAicPFkPP, EkPPÙUO wvPO©LcPFAËPsPFËPQtPO iTPikPP aADFUEnPLkPP pPOLyPYÙPO sPFHP rPkPPimPFrP gPOAnPL iSPFAnPLA aArP sFUrP aAbPLñPL kPPrPArP aBPOzAsPF isPFvhPF iCPFilPiHPlPA iTPikPP| inPLSPFA SFUDFU gPOAnPL iSPFAnPLA nPLbPL, HPvhPF pPOLwxPFAoPF| vhPFdPLAnPLQM kPPlPmPF DPFirPiCPFnPL| gPOQtPOEHPtPOAnPL.inPWvPF sPFAvhPFWvPFikPP sPFÈ÷ÖªPì kPPrPitPO sPFhPFAbPLtPOA kPPrPiCPFnPL| aHPsPFrP-ePrP ePkPPjPLnPL EnPLbPLEmPFtPO ilPKPkPP|


aHPsPFrP-ePrP wvPOiöPSPFz HPAMlPA BPOAXPArP mPFADPFzimPF çpPOLibPLAjPLnPLQbPL EkPPCUF tPOTPz pPOLErPiHPSPFnPL kPPrPA (kPPEpPOLrPAvhPFWvPF oPF EwPOsPFi`ÂFkPPvhPFmPFArP idPLKLUnPL)| ePvhPFPsPFAvhPFWvPF sPFÈOLpPOLikPPY aApPOLnPLAidPLrP mPFtPOAmPFtPO dPLbPLA kPPirP ePKPAinPL E`ÂFkPPkPP kPPirP aHPsPFrPikPP jPLAnPLAnPL|

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ihPF nFZtPOnPL, idPLKPA EdPLkPP
aArP-HPArP
....





vhPFMlPzAiLÕPLrP azAmPFAjPLnPL ElPÌPO
kPPzAnPLAwPOArP azAmPFAjPLnPL ElPÌPO



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