rPAgPO sPFËPQtPO
çpPOLiHPESPFkPPA
FpOLUiäOpPFÓOdLU mFUiKPApPOLADPFzAbPL*
ainPLikPPvhPF HPilPnPL `ÂFkPPAEsPFkPPzAlP gPOAinPLrP HPzApPOLArPgOUilPA HUJPFitPOvhPF pPOLAErPnPLA, ePHPM dPLAHPQ kPPirPnPL ePvhPF jPLnPLzvhPF BPOAilPA lPAigPOnPLA| EkPPÙUO tPOÿArPAvhPF hPFbPLitPOA VUFMErP HPA dPLAdPLrPA HPA rPAgPOA`çLSPFbPLQ gPOjPLlP SFUinPL tPOAErPfPO kPPirPnPL| aAsPFilP gPOAnPL, EHPiSPFXP kPPirP mPFAgPOY sPFËPQtPO EVPFkPP iHPAJPFArP EHPXPbPL nPLbPL, anFUBPOiHPrP EHPXPbPL, ePkPPAEòPkPPrPiNPrP HPzApPOLArP|
VPFAkFUOrP rPAmPFkFÖOXOLÎ
HPilPiCPFnPL, "ePkPPWvPFA aAmPF iKPilP mPFAitPOAbPLArPA hPFibPL
yPAvhPF, itPOA HPAHUrP HPAgPOAinPL kPPWvPFA gPOACPF, HPCPFirP
kPPHPArP fPOlP idPLbPL isPF KPHPirP kPPQ dPLrPkPPArP?"
kPPTPAWvPFA ePkPP EdPLkPP EdPLibPL EVPFkPP| EkPPÙUO ePWvPFAoPF
EVPFkPP iyP sPFHP rPkPPimPFrP aAmPF ePkPPvhPF BPOAiHP KPAoPFbPLA
yPAbPL nPLA| ePkPPrPkPPimPFrP aAmPF aAiCPF (jPLAEnPLnPLA ePKPnPLoPF
isPF aAmPF mFUESPFYdPLAHPAidPL pPOLAoPFbPLA yPAbPL EkPP nPLA)
dPLSPF HPAirPA GPL×FWvPFA jPLilP EBPOEjPLibPL irPiKP mPFAJPF
rPAitPO tUOilPArP wvPOpPOLrP irPiKP kPPAWvPFilP tPOiHP tPOArP
sPFiHPAYÀoP`LmPF ãO÷PAdPL pPOLAoPFbPLA yPAbPL|
kPPEHPgOUrPq HPilPiCPFnPL,
"ePkPPAkPPQ gPOAbPLikPPrP nPLihPFikPPA gPOAnPL, gPOAEhPFitPO
hPFiHP dLUvhPFjPLinPL|
ePkPPjPLnPLA gPOAiHP CPFAEwxPFbPLA gPOlPA, aArPjPLnPLA gPOAiHP
mPFinPL|"
wvPOéPFAdPL gPOAvhPFiCPFnPL
gPOlPA iCPFiwxPF, sPFAmPFinPL HPsPFA (ePmPFnPL EkPP hPFilPrP HPAvhPFirP
dPLÿAEwxPFibPL) i`çLSPFAtPOA ePkPPAòP hPFibPL
mPFATPA dLUElPibPL tPOAErPfPO kPPirP SFUnPLiCPFnPL, kPPKPnPLoPF
sPFhPFiXPY HPAhPFHPA EdPLi©CPFnPL| ePnPLArPA sPFHPAvhPF kPPEHPgOUrPqrP
kPPETPtPO isPFvhPF aArPjPLnPLA|
tPOiHP eP kPPTPAoPF EVPFkPP iyP
gPOBPOQrP BPOAiHP rPsPF çLgPFhPFNP kPPrPitPO mPFAgPOY sPFËPQitPOrP
EkPPCUF EkPPCUF EHPXPiyPrP pPOLErPEcPFEtPO TPAkPPilP rPsPFçLgPFhPFNPWvPFA
çpPOLgPOAWLxPO hPFbPL| aAEmPF
mPFAgPOYsPFËPQtPO KLUHP wvPOpPOLiBPOAgPO kPPErP| EkPPÙUO
tPOArP mPFAinPL ePvhPF nPLbPL iyP tPOArP sPFHP aEÓ÷Pì-sPFEÓ÷Pì
aAmPFArP kPPrPAbPLÀoP`L| EHPSL÷PAsPF kPPrPqnPL,
ePvhPF mFUhZFitPOY iyP aApPOLEnPL HPisPF ePvhPF ilPKPAWvPFA dPLbPLA
kPPirP pPOLwxPFiCPFnPL, isPFvhPF aApPOLEnPL BPOArPtPOQbPL rPAgPO
sPFËPQtPO sPFÈ÷PiÓ÷Pì
aAmPFArP icPFibPL EkPPCUF kPPmPF jPLAinPLnPL nPLA, hPFbPLtPO iHPSPFQvhPF
jPLAinPLnPL| aAmPFArP ilPKPA pPOLiwxPF iHPSPF EkPPCUF BUOlP HPArP
kPPirP ifPOlPiHPnPL| aAmPFArP BUOlP DPFErPibPL EdPLilP aAmPFArP
wvPOpPOLkPPArPvhPF hPFiHP| tPOA hPFilP cPFlUnPL BPOArPtPOQbPL
rPAgPO sPFËPQitPOrP wvPOdPLzAinPL ePkPPWvUF GFUirP GFUirP
EkPPCUF EkPPCUF pPOLErPEcPFEtPO EnPLvhPF|
ãO÷PrP (HPA sFUrP) ePHPM sPFâPLkPP:
çpPOLTPimPF idPLEKP sPFâPLkPP
HPzApPOLArPWvPFA EkPP? aAmPFlPEkPPrP rPAjPLA gOUpPOLQikPP çpPOLSLÔP
kPPirPECPFlP - sPFâPLkPP jPLAnPLA aAiCPF?
ePkPPjPLnPL pPOLAErPXPdPL HUEJPFibPL EdPLlP sPFâPLkPP mPFAinPL
sPFAtPO sFUrP| tPOA hPFilP jPLAnPLA igPOlP ãO÷PrP
HPA sFUrP mFZilP sPFAtPOWvPFA| kPPTPAWvPFA EVPFkPP, tPOiHP EkPPCUFWvPFA
pPOLyPYÙPO|
sPFAtPO ãO÷PrP HPlPitPO ePKPAinPL mFZlP HPA SFUªPì
sPFAtPOEWvPF ãO÷PirPrP kPPTPA HPlPA hPFbPL yPA EnPLibPL
ePkPPEWvPF sPFâPLkPP| ePvhPF sPFAtPOEWvPF SFUªPì
ãO÷PrP hPFlP yPTPAÀePÝimPF - sPFA,
irP, gPOA, mPFA, pPOLA, DPFA ePHPM EnPL|
ePidPLrP sPFËPQtPOSPFAãFíPLgPOtPO nPLAmPF nPLQicPF
idPLbPLA hPFlP -
sPFA = XPwxPFjPL
irP = RXPBPO
gPOA = gPOAÓ÷PìArP
mPFA = mPFDPFzmPF
pPOLA = pPOLÏPOmPF
DPFA = ûiDPFHPtPO
EnPL = EnPLXPAdPL
ePHPAirP ePkPPEWvPF hPFArPmPFEnPLbPLmPF ijPLAgPOAwxPF kPPirP HPsFUnPL| lP¾PP kPPirP idPLKPiHPnPL iyP pPOLrP pPOLrP sPFAdPLA rPiÊPFrP rPQwPO ( Reed) HPsPFAnPL| mPFAiJPF mPFAiJPF kPPAilPA rPiÊPFrP rPQwPO| ePKPnPL kPPAilPA rPQwPOgOUElPrP kPPTPA BUOilP yPAnPL EkPPCUF sPFmPFibPLrP jPLnPLz| HPAmPF EdPLkPP iTPikPP aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPOEWvPF EWvPFFpOLUnPL (bellow cPFAlPAitPO BUOlPiHPnPL nPLA)| iyP ãO÷PrPWvPFA iHPrPqlP isPFvhPFEWvPF hPFlP - sPFA| ePvhPFrPkPPmPF BPOAiHP pPOLrPpPOLrP sPFAdPLA rPQwPOgOUElP HPAEjPLibPL igPOilP yPTPAÀePÝimPF sPFA iTPikPP EnPL ãO÷PrPgOUElP HPAjPLiHP aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP iTPikPP icPF´öP nPLÈ÷PrP pPOLyPYÙPO| pPOLinPLrP nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPOEWvPF EWvPFpPOLilP SFUnPLiHPnPL iyP ãO÷PrPEWvPF iHPrPqlP tPOA iyPnPL isPFvhPF aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQiwPOrP - sPFA, tPOiHP wvPOÿcUF- itPO| EVPFkPP iyPmPFnPL aApPOLEnPL HPAwxPFQrP EsPFÿEwxPF EdPLibPL dLUtPOlPAbPL wvPOVPFilP dLÖSPFzWvPFA ePkPPvhPF idPLKPitPO pPOLAnPL, tPOiHP ePkPPWvUF wvPOpPOLrP iTPikPP| ePvhPF wvPOpPOLirPrP HPA cPFwxPFArP sPFA mPFAinPL pPOLrPHPtPOYQ sPFâPLkPP SFUrPq hPFlP| ePvhPF sPFâPLkPPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA tPOArP sPFâPLkPP HPA tPOArPA HPlPHP| yPEdPL aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPO iTPikPP HPAmPF EdPLikPP pPOLrP pPOLrP sPFAdPLA rPQwPOgOUElP HPAEjPLibPL HPAmPF EdPLikPP iyPitPO TPAikPPnPL, aApPOLEnPL aAHPArP EnPL iTPikPP DPFAipPOL DPFAipPOL nPLQicPFrP sPFA- itPO ipPOL´ÿiCPF yPAiHPnPL| ePvhPF sPFAtPO ãO÷PirPrP sPFâPLkPPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA mPFÓLçLdPL sPFâPLkPP HPA wvPOdPLArPA HPlPHP| aArP iyP sPFâPLkPP EdPLibPL (aTPYAð aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP rPQwPO iTPikPP) SFUrPq kPPirPECPFlPAmPF isPFEWvPFikPP HPlPHP mPFDPFz sPFâPLkPP HPA mFUdPLArPA |
tPOA aAmPFrPA jPLAnPLlPAmPF iyP
ePkPPEWvPF sPFâPLikPP sPFAtPOEWvPF SFUªPì HPA
mFZlP ãO÷PrP| oPF hPFÿzA, aAmPFrPA itPOA isPFvhPF
kPPAilPA rPQwPOgOUElPrP kPPTPA BUOilPvhPF EgPOibPLECPFlPAmPF|
ePkPP kPPAjPL kPPrPqnPL, sPFAdPLA rPQwPOgOUElPitPO, aAWvPF nPLÈ÷PrP
rPQwPO iTPikPP, sPFA, irP, gPOA vhPFtPOzAEdPL
ElPiKP ifPOlUnPL| wPOWvPF ipPOLinPLrP ilPKPA, pPOLirP mFUiCPF
EdPLilPvhPF hPFiHP| sPFA (sPFAdPLA
rPQwPO) aArP irP ePvhPF dLUEWvPF rPQiwPOrP mPFiDPFz
iyP kPPAilPA rPQwPOEWvPF aAiCPF, isPFvhPFEWvPF HPAjPLAilP idPLKPiHPnPL
iyP ãO÷PrP iHPrPqlP, isPFEWvPF irP-
rP tUOlPnPLAbPL cPFApPOLA aAHPArP sPFA-
rP tUOlPnPLAbPL wvPOÿcUF| ePvhPF ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP
aAmPFrPA ikPPAmPFlP irP HPlPHP| ePrP
pPOLirPrP kPPAilPA rPQwPOEWvPFrP ãO÷PrP SFUªPì
irP- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL wvPOÿcUF
aAHPArP gPOA- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL cPFApPOLA|
ePvhPF ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP aAmPFrPA ikPPAmPFlP
gPOA HPlPHP| tÖOtPOQbPL kPPAilPA rPQiwPOrP ãO÷PrP
idPLKPiHPnPL (mPFinPL SFUnPLiHPnPL) sPFAdPLA rPQiwPOrP mPFA-
rP tUOlPnPLAbPL wvPOÿcUF (tPOQ`çFHP) aAHPArP sPFAdPLA
rPQiwPOrP pPOLA- rP tUOlPnPLAbPL
nPLQcUF| ePvhPF kPPAilPA rPQiwPOrP ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP
aAmPFrPA tPOQ`çFHP mPFA aTPHPA
kPPEwxPF mPFA HPlPHP| sPFAdPLA pPOLA-
rP rPQiwPOrP pPOLirPvhPF iyP kPPAilPA rPQwPO aAiCPF isPFEWvPFrP
ãO÷PrPikPP HPlPHP ikPPAmPFlP
DPFA| ePrP pPOLirPrP kPPAilPA rPQiwPOrP ãO÷PrPEWvPFikPP
HPlPHP ikPPAmPFlP EnPL|
tPOAhPFilP idPLKPA igPOlP ePkPPEWvPF sPFâPLikPP sPFAtPOEWvPF
SFUªPì ãO÷PrP, cPFArPEWvPF ikPPAmPFlP
ãO÷PrP ePHPM ePkPPEWvPF tPOQ`çFHP ãO÷PrP|
HPAirPAEWvPF ãO÷PrP hPFArPimPFAEnPLbPLimPF ePvhPF
BPOAiHP pPOLrP pPOLrP sPFAjPLAnPL aAiCPF:
rPQwPO | ãO÷PrP | ElPEpPOLEcPFhPÝ |
sPFAdPLA | sPFA | sPF |
kPPAilPA | irP (ikPPAmPFlP) | R |
sPFAdPLA | irP (SFUªPì) | rP |
kPPAilPA | gPOA (ikPPAmPFlP) | ¸PP |
sPFAdPLA | gPOA (SFUªPì) | gPO |
sPFAdPLA | mPFA (SFUªPì) | mPF |
kPPAilPA | mPFA (tPOQ`çFHP) | ³PF |
sPFAdPLA | pPOLA | pPOL |
kPPAilPA | DPFA (ikPPAmPFlP) | dPL |
sPFAdPLA | DPFA (SFUªPì) | DPF |
kPPAilPA | EnPL (ikPPAmPFlP) | NP |
sPFAdPLA | EnPL (SFUªPì) | nPL |
ePkPPEWvPF HPzApPOLArP ePKPAinPL idPLKPA yPAi©CPF iyP sPFA ePHPM pPOLA ePvhPF dLUEWvPF ãO÷PirPrP ikPPAnPLoPF EHPcUFzEtPO inPLvhPF| ePvhPF dLUEWvPF ãO÷PrPikPP aAmPFrPA acPFlP ãO÷PrP HPlPHP| sPFADPFArPNP BPOAiHP wvPOpPOLirPrP ãO÷PrPgOUElPikPP mPFDPFz sPFâPLikPPrP DPFrPitPO hPFiHP| EnPL (SFUªPì)- ePrP wvPOpPOLirPrP ãO÷PrPEWvPF aAHPArP sPFA, tPOiHP tPOArP sPFâPLikPPrP| ilPKPArP sPFmPFbPL ElPKPHP sPF*| ePvhPF BPOAiHP pPOLrP pPOLrP ãO÷PrPgOUElP * HPEsPFibPL ilPKPA hPFiHP| aAHPArP mPFDPFz sPFâPLikPPrP SFUrPqitPO iyP sPFA aAiCPF, tPOArP nPLQicPFrP ãO÷PrPEWvPF EnPL (SFUªPì) tPOiHP mPFÓLçLdPL sPFâPLikPPrP| ilPKPArP sPFmPFbPL ElPKPHP nPL#|
aAjPLikPPrP pPOLErPEcPFEtPO ePvhPF pPOLyPYÙPO|
pPOLirPrP aMiSPFrP jPLnPLz idPLKLUnPL: rPAgPO sPFËPQtPO çpPOLiHPESPFkPPA (2)
*FpOLUiäOpPFÓOdLU mFUiKPApPOLADPFzAbP: 1961 sPFAilP EHP.vhPF. kPPilPjPL iTPikPP EsPFEBPOlP vhPFEÑPEnPLbPLAErPM-eP EwPOçLgPFQ pPOLAHPArP pPOLrP kPPmPFYjPLQHPinPLrP FpOLUirPAWvPFAvhPF ikPPiWvPFiCPF ijPLsPFpPOL ikPPAÈOLpPOLAnPLQ aArP ePkPPEWvPF HÖEWvPFSPF ikPPAÈOLpPOLAnPLQrP BPOArPtPOQbPL SPFAKPAbPL| çpPOLTPAgPOtPO BPOAiHP gPOAnPL ESPFiKPiCPFnPL HPCPFrP pPOLÿAicPFkPP, EkPPÙUO wvPO©LcPFAËPsPFËPQtPO iTPikPP aADFUEnPLkPP pPOLyPYÙPO sPFHP rPkPPimPFrP gPOAnPL iSPFAnPLA aArP sFUrP aAbPLñPL kPPrPArP aBPOzAsPF isPFvhPF iCPFilPiHPlPA iTPikPP| inPLSPFA SFUDFU gPOAnPL iSPFAnPLA nPLbPL, HPvhPF pPOLwxPFAoPF| vhPFdPLAnPLQM kPPlPmPF DPFirPiCPFnPL| gPOQtPOEHPtPOAnPL.inPWvPF sPFAvhPFWvPFikPP sPFÈ÷ÖªPì kPPrPitPO sPFhPFAbPLtPOA kPPrPiCPFnPL| aHPsPFrP-ePrP ePkPPjPLnPL EnPLbPLEmPFtPO ilPKPkPP|
aHPsPFrP-ePrP wvPOiöPSPFz HPAMlPA BPOAXPArP mPFADPFzimPF çpPOLibPLAjPLnPLQbPL EkPPCUF tPOTPz pPOLErPiHPSPFnPL kPPrPA (kPPEpPOLrPAvhPFWvPF oPF EwPOsPFi`ÂFkPPvhPFmPFArP idPLKLUnPL)| ePvhPFPsPFAvhPFWvPF sPFÈOLpPOLikPPY aApPOLnPLAidPLrP mPFtPOAmPFtPO dPLbPLA kPPirP ePKPAinPL E`ÂFkPPkPP kPPirP aHPsPFrPikPP jPLAnPLAnPL|
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azAmPFAjPLnPL ElPÌPO
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